research and development

Lockhart and Keil have written an interesting monograph focusing on the development of reasoning about medicine, a relatively underexplored area of research with potentially broad implications with respect to the design of more-effective medical interventions. In a set of 15 studies with well over 2,200 participants, they examine how children and adults combine aspects of biological and psychological reasoning to create working models of medicine. Lockhart and Keil explore developmental changes in reasoning about illness and its treatment using medicines in terms of dualism (e...

The development of lung cancer is a combination of multifactor, multistage, and multiple genetic alterations processes. DNA methylation is an important factor. Currently, the study on the genome-scale epigenetic modification for studying the pathogenesis of lung cancer is still lacking. Here, we aimed to identify the epigenetic modifications of lung cancer, thus to provide scientific basis for the personalized medicine, and research of classification screening for lung adenocarcinoma patients. The DNA methylation data, and the corresponding clinical information of lung adenocarcinoma samples were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database...

In the last decade, transition-metal catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions have progressed enourmosly, becoming a useful tool in organic synthesis and a practibable alternative to well-established methodologies. Very recently, research efforts have also been devoted to developing more sustainable C-H functionalization protocols, in order to increase their applicability. One of the most promising approaches in this sense is represented by the substitution of common reaction media with bio-based solvents...

Graphene and related two-dimensional materials provide an ideal platform for next generation disruptive technologies and applications. Exploiting these solution-processed two-dimensional materials in printing can accelerate this development by allowing additive patterning on both rigid and conformable substrates for flexible device design and large-scale, high-speed, cost-effective manufacturing. In this review, we summarise the current progress on ink formulation of two-dimensional materials and the printable applications enabled by them...

Selenium (Se) has been recognized as an essential element. Animals and humans absorb and retain more organic Se than inorganic Se. Bio-transformation is a major approach to transform inorganic Se to organic Se. Cordyceps gunnii (C. gunnii), well known as a Chinese edible and medicinal fungus, has a variety of biological functions. C. gunnii and selenium were combined through liquid-fermentation to obtain selenium-enriched C. gunnii. A novel Se-polysaccharide (SeCPS-II) was extracted from selenium-enriched C...

This article is devoted to the life and professional activities of the internationally renowned forensic doctor Ivan Ivanovich Neiding who became widely known in the early youth as the discoverer of the microscopic diagnostic features of the constriction marks formed in association with hanging and strangulation. During more than 22 years (from 1878 till 1900), I.I. Neiding acted as the head of the Department of Forensic medicine at the Moscow University where a large number of investigations on forensic medical ballistics, toxicology, obstetric and gynecological expertise were carried out under his supervision...

We review experimental progress on optical atomic clocks and frequency transfer, and consider the prospects of using these technologies for geodetic measurements. Today, optical atomic frequency standards have reached relative frequency inaccuracies below 10-17 , opening new fields of fundamental and applied research. The dependence of atomic frequencies on the gravitational potential makes atomic clocks ideal candidates for the search for deviations in the predictions of Einstein's general relativity, tests of modern unifying theories and the development of new gravity field sensors...

OBJECTIVE: The physical and social environments that surround children should support good health. However, challenges with food security and access prevent many children from consuming a healthy diet, which is critical to proper growth and development. The present study sought to gain a better understanding of primary care initiatives to address these issues in a low-income setting. DESIGN: Following the relocation of a paediatric clinic to a farmers' market building and the implementation of a fruit and vegetable prescription programme, researchers conducted thirty-two semi-structured interviews with caregivers...

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue is one of the most attractive source of stem cells because it can be easily harvested and yields a greater stromal cell density. The multi-lineage potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) demonstrates their significant impact within the field of tissue engineering, with studies successfully demonstrating the ability to produce a range of tissue types. However, although, a broad spectrum of applications has already been suggested, many important scientific and medical questions remain unanswered before the clinical application of ADSCs in humans...

BACKGROUND: Many health hazardous diseases are caused by clinical pathogens. Drug-resistant microbes are one of the major health problems in the world. To overcome the effect of infectious diseases new antimicrobial agent from nature has been explored which is environmentally friendly, less costly and more effective for the development of next-generation drugs. Bergenia ciliata and silver nitrate both have medicinal properties. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current research was to evaluate the cytotoxic, and antibacterial effect of green synthesized nanoparticles using Bergenia ciliata rhizome against clinical bacterial pathogens...

Participants' understanding of key elements of a research protocol is essential to their ethical enrollment in the study. Ongoing participation should be based on continued comprehension and consent, which presumes a high degree of recall. Many obstacles can prevent full understanding of information about the research protocol. This study's aim was to evaluate the comprehension and 1-day recall of the elements of informed consent by the parents/guardians of children enrolled in a clinical study in Mozambique...

Neurological diseases and injuries to the nervous system may cause inadvertent damage to neuronal and synaptic structures. Such phenomenon would catastrophically accumulate, leading to the development of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders which might affect memory, cognition, and motoric functions. The body has various negative feedback systems which are able to induce beneficial neuroplastic changes in mediating some neuronal damage, however, such efforts are often not enough to ameliorate the derogatory changes...

The Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) was developed to assess undergraduate readiness for engaging in interprofessional education (IPE). It has become an accepted and commonly used instrument. To determine utility of a modified 16-item RIPLS instrument, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Data used were collected from a pre- and post-intervention study involving 360 New Zealand undergraduate students from one university. Just over half of the participants were enrolled in medicine (51%) while the remainder were in pharmacy (27%) and nursing (22%)...

1. There has been substantial research focused on the roles of microRNAs (miRNA) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNA) delivered from mammalian spermatozoa, however comparatively little is known about the role of spermatozoa-delivered miRNAs and piRNAs within breeding cockerels' spermatozoa. 2. A small RNA library of cockerels' spermatozoa was constructed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Unique sequences with lengths of 18-26 nucleotides were mapped to miRBase 21.0 and unique sequences with lengths of 25-37 nucleotides were mapped to a piRNA database...

Polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) is one of the prototypical block copolymers (BCPs) in directed self-assembly (DSA) research and development, with standardized protocols in place for processing on industrially relevant 300 mm wafers. Scaling of DSA patterns to pitches below 20 nm using PS-b-PMMA, however, is hindered by the relatively low Flory-Huggins interaction parameter,χ. Here we investigate the approach of adding small amounts of ionic liquids (IL) into PS-b-PMMA, which selectively segregates into the PMMA domain and effectively increases the χ parameter and thus the pattern resolution...

BACKGROUND: In Japan, owing to the progress in medical technology, more children with congenital life-threatening conditions survive than ever before. Nurses who care for these children may also influence decision making in difficult situations. AIM: We aimed to describe Japanese nurses' approach toward medical decision making when caring for families of infants with congenital life-threatening conditions. Frequently, these nurses must care for and support parents with ambivalent feelings...

There has been sustained clinical and cognitive neuroscience research interest in how network correlates of brain-behavior relationships might be altered in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. As previous work has mostly focused on adults, the nature of whole-brain connectivity networks underlying intelligence in pediatric cohorts with abnormal neurodevelopment requires further investigation. We used network-based statistics (NBS) to examine the association between resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) connectivity and fluid intelligence ability in male children (n = 50) with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD; M = 10...

PURPOSE: Real-world data for observational research commonly require formatting and cleaning prior to analysis. Data preparation steps are rarely reported adequately and are likely to vary between research groups. Variation in methodology could potentially affect study outcomes. This study aimed to develop a framework to define and document drug data preparation and to examine the impact of different assumptions on results. METHODS: An algorithm for processing prescription data was developed and tested using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)...

There are limited numbers of studies available in Middle Eastern Arabic countries regarding participation of family ‎members in cancer treatment decision-making (TDM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of family members' ‎in TDM among ‎adult Omani cancer ‎patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two main teaching hospitals. All adult Omani patients who were diagnosed with cancer and their nominated family members were invited to ‎participate. A tool developed by Cancer Care Outcomes Research and ‎Surveillance Consortium was used to identify the level of family involvement in TDM...

In many countries government policy is becoming increasingly reliant on citizens taking greater responsibility for their health and wellbeing and limiting their consumption of public services. In this paper I develop Foucauldian perspectives on the work required to create and maintain responsibilised subjects, focusing on the role of 'pastors' - specialists, experts and therapists who promote desirable subjectivities (Waring and Latif ). Drawing from ethnographic research, I consider how government policies for the promotion of self-care within the English healthcare system not only place increased emphasis on patients taking responsibility for their own health and wellbeing, but also seek to constitute new pastoral subjectivities as responsible for conducting the conduct of patients...