Hbv children

The WHO African Region had 81 million people with chronic hepatitis B in 2019, which remains a silent killer. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and HIV can be transmitted from the mother to child. If the HBV infection is acquired at infancy, it may lead to chronic hepatitis B in 90% of the cases. WHO reports that 6.4 million children under 5 years live with chronic hepatitis B infection worldwide. The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HBV is therefore critical in the global elimination strategy of viral hepatitis as we take lessons from PMTCT of HIV programs in Africa...

INTRODUCTION: Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major issue in public health. The prevalence of HBV in Chad is 12.4%, all age groups considered. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and its associated factors among university students in N'Djamena, the country's capital. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of students at either the University of N'djamena or Emi Koussi University was conducted from 3 to 23 July 2021. All participating students provided signed, informed consent and were included in the study consecutively...

BACKGROUND: Peginterferon-α (PegIFNα) is of limited utility during immunotolerant (IT) or immune active (IA) phases of chronic hepatitis B infection but is being explored as part of new cure regimens. Low/absent levels of IFNα found in some treated patients are associated with limited/no virological responses. AIM: To determine if sera from participants inhibit IFNα activity and/or contain therapy-induced anti-IFNα antibodies. METHODS: Pre-, on- and post-treatment sera from 61 IT trial participants on PegIFNα/ entecavir therapy and 88 IA trial participants on PegIFNα/tenofovir therapy were screened for anti-IFNα antibodies by indirect ELISA...

DTaP-HBV-IPV-Hib hexavalent vaccine has been used in high-income countries for many years to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, and invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Currently, no hexavalent vaccines have been approved for use in China. Evidence of parental acceptance and interest in hexavalent vaccines can help policy makers and manufacturers make decisions about entering the vaccine market and the immunization program in China. We measured parental acceptance and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a hexavalent vaccine to provide such evidence...

BACKGROUND & AIM: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) attenuates cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. This study was performed to examine the relationships between CTLA-4 genotypes/haplotypes, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) levels, and their potential impact on the clinical course of chronic HBV infection. METHODS: We recruited 145 treatment-naïve patients with genotype B or C chronic HBV infection who were initially hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive and had been followed from a mean age of 7...

AIMS: Many western countries are challenged by delayed and insufficient vaccination coverage rates in children, and thus missing WHO coverage targets. This study aimed to estimate vaccination coverage and timeliness in Swiss children over a decade. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact of COVID-19, regional variations, and the adherence to the amended vaccination schedule in 2019. METHODS: Retrospective observational study with Swiss health insurance claims data including birth cohorts 2012-2021 of children continuously observed until ages 13, 25, and 48 months respectively...

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Africa is mostly acquired before the age of 5 years through vertical or horizontal routes. While all the countries in the World Health Organization African region have introduced HBV vaccination into their national immunization programs, the rate of protective immune response to HBV vaccine among children in Africa has not been systematically synthesized. In this study, we estimated the HBV vaccine seroprotection rate (defined as anti-HBs titer ≥ 10 IU/L) and the associated factors among under-five children who completed a primary series of HBV vaccination in Africa...

BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally and in India. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to ascertain the etiological spectrum and changing trends of cirrhosis in India. METHODS: We searched electronic databases, including Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase. We included original studies that reported the etiology of cirrhosis in the Indian population. RESULTS: We included 158 studies (adults: 147, children: 11)...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a frequent cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide, with an estimated 5.6 million children under 5 years being infected. In Romania, there are no available epidemiology reports on large cohorts in children. We aimed to assess the profile of pediatric chronic HBV infection in southern Romania. We conducted an observational retrospective study on 506 HBV-infected children. Based on alaninaminotransferase (ALT), HBV serology and viremia, we identified four states of the disease. We correlated age, gender, household HBV infection, coinfection with other viruses and laboratory parameters...

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents are at high risk for acute viral hepatitis (AVH), but epidemiological research focusing on them has been overshadowed by adult chronic B and C. We provide global, regional, and national estimates of the AVH burden and their trends on people under 20 years from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: AVH data from Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 was used. Incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated, analyzing trends with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Joinpoint regression...

BACKGROUND: A human hookworm vaccine is being developed to protect children against iron deficiency and anaemia associated with chronic infection with hookworms. Necator americanus aspartic protease-1 (Na-APR-1) and N americanus glutathione S-transferase-1 (Na-GST-1) are components of the blood digestion pathway critical to hookworm survival in the host. Recombinant Na-GST-1 and catalytically inactive Na-APR-1 (Na-APR-1[M74]) adsorbed to Alhydrogel were safe and immunogenic when delivered separately or co-administered to adults in phase 1 trials in non-endemic and endemic areas...

OBJECTIVE: A study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among children and their mothers on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands two decades after routine vaccination was introduced in the 1990s. Mothers' knowledge and attitudes towards HBV disease and vaccination were also assessed. METHODS: Results of a national seroprevalence survey conducted in 2016-2017 and antenatal records were used to determine the prevalence of HBV seropositivity in children aged 6-8 years and their biological mothers...

INTRODUCTION: Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B has been recommended in Germany since 1995. WHO defines a primary vaccination series as successful if the initial hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) level is ≥ 10 IU/L directly after vaccination. Anti-HBs levels vary depending on the number of doses, type of vaccine, and time interval between the last two doses. In 2021, Germany began to recommend three instead of four doses of polyvalent hepatitis-B-containing vaccines...

This study aims to explore the concentrations of Se and Hg in shellfish along the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) coast (Southeast India) and to estimate related risks and risk-based consumption limits for children, pregnant women, and adults. Se concentrations in shrimp, crab, and cephalopods ranged from 0.256 to 0.275 mg kg-1 , 0.182 to 0.553 mg kg-1 , and 0.176 to 0.255 mg kg-1 , respectively, whereas Hg concentrations differed from 0.009 to 0.014 mg kg-1 , 0.022 to 0.042 mg kg-1 and 0...

Eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the population of women of reproductive age is important not only for the health of women themselves but also for the health of newborns. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of this goal by analysing the effectiveness of contemporary therapy in a large cohort from everyday clinical practice along with identifying factors reducing therapeutic success. The analysed population consisted of 7861 patients, including 3388 women aged 15-49, treated in 2015-2022 in 26 hepatology centres...

BACKGROUND: Community engagement takes predominance in global immunization strategies with capacity to eliminate vaccination hesitancy and boost vaccination confidence. Despite strong support for community engagement in promoting health, evidence for community engagement in vaccination promotion emerges in fragments with uncertain qualities. OBJECTIVE: The current review aims to systematic examine the effectiveness of different contents and extents of community engagement for promoting vaccination rates...

BACKGROUND: Although the harmful effects of honor-based violence (HBV) against women have been well documented, less is known about how HBV affects children and adolescents. AIMS: 1) To describe the contexts, research methods and populations included in research on HBV and children; 2) to outline conceptual and methodological approaches, including definitions of honor; 3) to describe how honor-based practices affect children's experiences of violence. METHODS: We searched seven electronic databases using search terms for honor, violence and children which resulted in 7122 unique records...

BACKGROUND: The use of antiviral agents, specifically tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), in pregnant women to prevent mother-to-child HBV transmission is a key step towards hepatitis elimination. However, data on using tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is insufficient. The frequent occurrence of postpartum ALT flares may impact the clinical implementation. METHODS: The maternal and infant outcomes were compared in multi-centre trials of high viral load HBsAg/HBeAg+ pregnant women receiving TAF or TDF from the third trimester until 2 weeks postpartum with intensive follow-ups...

Indonesian government launched a triple elimination program to eliminate mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, and hepatitis B in 2018, aiming to increase screening uptake among pregnant women during antenatal visits and to reduce the rates of these infections in children less than 50 per 100,000 live births. Despite this initiative, a thorough assessment of its effectiveness, particularly in Bandung, the capital city of West Java, as one of the most densely populated cities in Indonesia with a high HIV incidence, has yet to be conducted...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global public health concern, and China continues to face a high burden of HBV cases. Vaccination plays a critical role in controlling and eradicating HBV. However, studies have shown that some individuals may experience waning immunity over time, highlighting the importance of enhanced immunization strategies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between age, gender, and anti-HBs antibody levels, as well as the prevalence of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)/HBV e antigen (HBeAg) positivity...