antidiarrheals with electrolytes

The basic principle for the treatment of idiopathic diarrhoea (functional diarrhoea K59.1) is to delay transit through the gut in order to promote the absorption of electrolytes and water. Under mild conditions, bulking agents may suffice. With increasing severity, antidiarrhoeal pharmaceuticals may be added in a stepwise manner. In diarrhoea of unknown aetiology, peripherally-acting opioid receptor agonists, such as loperamide, are first-line treatment and forms the pharmaceutical basis of antidiarrheal treatment...

The basic principle for treatment of idiopathic diarrhea is to delay transit through the gut in order to promote absorption of electrolytes and water. Under mild conditions bulking agents may suffice. With increasing severity, antidiarrheal pharmaceuticals may be added in a stepwise manner. Bile salt malabsorption is a clear indication for adsorptive resins, while in idiopathic diarrhea peripherally-acting opioid receptor agonists, such as loperamide, is the first-line treatment. Second-line treatment with approved indication for severe diarrhea when other treatment options fail includes opium drops...

The global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality, thoroughly affected daily living, and caused severe economic disruption throughout the world. Pulmonary symptoms predominate and account for most of the associated morbidity and mortality. However, extrapulmonary manifestations are common in COVID-19 infections, including gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as diarrhea. Diarrhea affects approximately 10% to 20% of COVID-19 patients. Diarrhea can occasionally be the presenting and only COVID-19 symptom...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of preventable death in developing countries, mainly caused by bacterial infections and traditional therapies are very common in diarrheal incidences. Meda Pata (Litsea glutionsa) has a long history of use as traditional medicine for diarrhea, dysentery, and spasm in Bangladesh, India, and some other Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY: This research reports the antidiarrheal effects of Meda Pata (Litsea glutinosa leaf extract, LGLEx) in animal models...

Fenchone is a monoterpene present in the essential oils of various plants, including Foeniculum vulgare and Peumus boldus . Previous studies confirmed the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound-healing, antidiarrheal, antifungal, antinociceptive, and bronchodilator activities of fenchone. Owing to various pharmacological activities of Fenchone, the current research was designed to evaluate its diuretic activity along with toxicity profiling. For evaluating acute toxicity, OECD guideline 425 was followed in which a single dose of 2000 mg/kg was orally administered to rats...

Capsicum has been an important part of diet since centuries and has been widely used traditionally for ailments. The objective of the present analysis was to determine the diuretic and antidiarrheal potentials of four variations of Capsicum annum L. fruits available in local market of Karachi, Pakistan. It belongs to family Solanaceae and extracts were prepared in 95% ethanol and was given in doses of 200 and 400mg/kg and the activity was correlated with commonly used diuretics and anti-diarrheal further reinforcing its conventional use...

Acute diarrheal disease accounts for 179 million outpatient visits annually in the United States. Diarrhea can be categorized as inflammatory or noninflammatory, and both types have infectious and noninfectious causes. Infectious noninflammatory diarrhea is often viral in etiology and is the most common presentation; however, bacterial causes are also common and may be related to travel or foodborne illness. History for patients with acute diarrhea should include onset and frequency of symptoms, stool character, a focused review of systems including fever and other symptoms, and evaluation of exposures and risk factors...

Capecitabine is a well-established agent for adjuvant chemotherapy in breast and colorectal cancers. However, one of the limiting adverse events of this therapy is severe diarrhea, which is reported with increasing frequency as of late. Capecitabine-induced ileitis should be suspected in cases with severe, treatment-refractory diarrhea. We present a case of capecitabine-induced terminal ileitis in a patient who received the medication as adjuvant therapy for previously resected colon adenocarcinoma. Capecitabine-induced diarrhea secondary to ileitis is a severe adverse drug event, which occurs during adjuvant chemotherapy and does not respond to conservative treatment with antidiarrheals, often necessitating permanent drug withdrawal...

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are used in patients without a reversible cause for long QT syndrome (LQTS) and secondary prevention in patients with LQTS-associated sudden cardiac arrest. We present a female patient with multiple reversible factors for QT prolongation, including the use of antidepressants, antidiarrheals, antiemetics, and antihistamines; chronic malabsorption from bariatric surgery; probable Gitelman syndrome and urinary losses of electrolytes, causing QT prolongation which leads to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and a successfully resuscitated cardiac arrest...

The acute diarrhea is a wide-spread disease. The prescription of enterosorbents is appropriate as a primary measure for the treatment of the acute diarrhea for effective prevention of the fluid and electrolyte loss, as well as method for symptom relief of the attack of the disease. Aim of the study - the antidiarrheal efficacy and safety study of high-dispersion silicon dioxide enterosorbent in tablet dosage form in patients with acute diarrhea. This was randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-center study...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Ultra-short bowel syndrome is relatively rare and has not yet been extensively reported. In ultra-short bowel syndrome, poor absorption of nutrients and dysmotility, interfere with fluid, energy, electrolyte and micronutrient balance. Patients with this disorder are managed through prolonged parenteral nutrition with the ultimate goal of achieving enteral autonomy. Overall outcomes of these patients are dependent on postsurgical bowel anatomy (residual length, intact colon, ostomy closure timing), incidence of sepsis, and care by a multidisciplinary specialized team...

BACKGROUND: Shiga-toxin Escherichia coli productor (STEC) provokes frequently an important intestinal damage that may be considered in differential diagnosis with the onset of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The aim of this work is to review in the current literature about Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) and IBD symptoms at the onset, comparing the clinical presentation and symptoms, as the timing of diagnosis and of the correct treatment of both these conditions is a fundamental prognostic factor...

OBJECTIVE: Psidium guajava occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. It has been used to treat inflammation, diabetes, fever, hypertension and ulcers. However, its antidiarrheal and protein conservative activities still need to be investigated. METHODS: Fifty-four male rats were divided into normal and diarrheal rats. The normal rats were divided into 4 groups: control, low-dose P. guajava leaf extract (50 mg/kg), high-dose P. guajava leaf extract (100 mg/kg) and gallic acid...

In Bangladesh, veterinarians often claim to reduce the mortality of natural peste des petits ruminants (PPR) outbreaks with the help of supportive fluid and electrolyte therapy. Information on haematological and biochemical parameters of PPR-infected goats, which is often altered because of associated tissue damages, is necessary to formulate the appropriate supportive therapy. This study determined the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Black Bengal goats naturally infected with PPR virus...

Preventive actions of probiotics as antidiarrheal agents are well documented, but their mechanisms are poorly understood. Two selected probiotics, Bacillus subtilis CU1 and Lactobacillus plantarum CNCM I-4547, were tested in mouse experimental models of diarrhea and the possible mechanisms of action were investigated. Diarrhea was induced in mice by oral castor oil administration or by i.v. injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella enteritis . The antidiarrheal drug loperamide was used as control...

Proper management of antibiotic-associated pseudo membranous colitis is not clear. This article is to investigate proper treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudo membranous colitis. Data of 67 patients (aged 18-69 years, with 31 males and 46 females) with antibiotic-associated pseudo membranous colitis were retrospectively analyzed including the demography, antibiotics to induce and for treatment of the pseudo membranous colitis, and other supportive measures. All 67 patients had a positive cytotoxin test, which confirmed the pseudo membranous colitis...

High-stoma output is a common problem that can lead to dehydration and electrolyte disturbance. The following report describes three patients with end ileostomy who had high-stoma outputs where conventional medical management was unsuccessful in controlling stoma output. All three patients responded to high-dose loperamide, resulting in significant clinical improvement. High-dose loperamide therapy should be considered in patients with high-stoma output who have failed conventional medical management.

Diarrhea after liver transplantation is a common complication. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-producing tumor (VIPoma) is a rare cause of watery diarrhea; 80% of such tumors occur in the pancreas, but it is rare in liver. Hypersecretion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide can stimulate intestinal water and electrolyte secretion, and patients with VIPoma present with watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and dehydration. Here we report on a 50-year-old man who presented with a 7-month history of watery diarrhea. He had undergone an orthotopic split-liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in November 2011...

Extensive intestinal resection impairs the absorptive capacity and results in short-bowel syndrome-associated intestinal failure (SBS-IF), when fluid, electrolyte, acid-base, micro-, and macronutrient homeostasis cannot be maintained on a conventional oral diet. Several factors, including the length and site of the resected intestine, anatomical conformation of the remnant bowel, and the degree of postresection intestinal adaptation determine the disease severity. While mild SBS patients achieve nutritional autonomy with dietary modification (eg, hyperphagia, small frequent meals, and oral rehydration fluids), those with moderate-to-severe disease may develop SBS-IF and become dependent on parenteral support (PS) in the form of intravenous fluids and/or nutrition for sustenance of life...

BACKGROUND: Based on European recommendations of ESPGHAN/ESPID from 2008, first line therapy for dehydration caused by acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is oral rehydration solution (ORS). In case of oral route failure, nasogastric tube enteral rehydration is as efficient as intra-venous rehydration and seems to lead to fewer adverse events. The primary objective was to describe rehydration strategies used in cases of AGE in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) in Belgium, France, The Netherlands, and Switzerland...