Y group neurons

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease is a leading neurological disorder that gradually impairs memory and cognitive abilities, ultimately leading to the inability to perform even basic daily tasks. Teriflunomide is known to preserve neuronal activity and protect mitochondria in the brain slices exposed to oxidative stress. The current research was undertaken to investigate the teriflunomide's cognitive rescuing abilities against scopolamine-induced comorbid cognitive impairment and its influence on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition-mediated behavior alteration in mice...

This study investigates the impact of combining psychophysical stress, induced by forced swim (FSS), with masseter inflammation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in trigeminal ganglia (TG), TRPA1 upregulation in TG, and mechanical hyperalgesia. In a rat model, we demonstrate that FSS potentiates and prolongs CFA-induced ROS upregulation within TG. The ROS levels in CFA combined with FSS group surpass those in the CFA-only group on days 4 and 28 post-treatment. FSS also enhances TRPA1 upregulation in TG, with prolonged expression compared to CFA alone...

Objective To investigate the impact of the cannabinoid receptor agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) on cognitive function in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) groups. The SAE model was established by intraventricular injection of LPS. The severity of sepsis in mice was assessed by sepsis severity score (MSS) and body mass changes. Behavioral paradigms were used to evaluate motor ability (open field test) and cognitive function (contextual fear conditioning test, Y-maze test)...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Jisuikang formula-medicated serum for promoting spinal cord injury (SCI) repair in rats and explore the possible mechanism. METHODS: Thirty adult SD rats were randomized into sham-operated group, SCI (induced using a modified Allen method) model group, and Jisuikang formula-medicated serum treatment group. After the operations, the rats were treated with normal saline or Jisuikang by gavage on a daily basis for 14 days, and the changes in hindlimb motor function of the rats was assessed with Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores and inclined-plate test...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tabebuia impetiginosa (Bignoniaceae) was traditionally used for memory enhancement and central nervous system (CNS) stimulation. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to create a metabolic profile of the ethyl acetate fraction of T. impetiginosa (TEF) and investigate for the first time its neuroprotective potential on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced chemobrain, validating its traditional use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metabolite profiling of TEF was performed using Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass/Mass Spectrometry (LC-qTOF-MS/M)...

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) refers to the widespread impairment of brain function caused by noncentral nervous system infection mediated by sepsis. Lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis contributes to the occurrence and course of SAE. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between neuronal injury and lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis in SAE. METHODS: Baseline data were collected from pediatric patients upon admission, and the expression levels of various markers related to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis were monitored in the serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with SAE as well as SAE model mice...

Nearly 80% of the world's population trusts traditional medicine and plant-based drug compounds to improve health, and more than 50% of women who participated in a study have used herbal remedies during pregnancy. Bocconia frutescens L. is a plant native to tropical America, where infusion of its leaves has been widely used for the treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders. We have already shown that orogastric consumption of B. frutescens L. during the organogenesis period at concentrations equivalent to human consumption produces teratogenic effects in rats, but effects on progeny development have not yet been studied...

Neuropeptides are the largest group of chemical signals in the brain. More than 100 different neuropeptides modulate various brain functions, and their dysregulation has been associated with neurological disorders. Neuropeptides are packed into dense core vesicles (DCVs), which fuse with the plasma membrane in a calcium-dependent manner. Here, we describe a novel high-throughput assay for DCV exocytosis using a chimera of Nanoluc luciferase and the DCV-cargo neuropeptide Y (NPY). The NPY-Nanoluc reporter colocalized with endogenous DCV markers in all neurons and little mis-localization to other cellular compartments...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow rates in the subarachnoid space (SAS) of the optic nerve (ON) by applying non-invasive diffusion-weighted MRI in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) compared to age-matched controls. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this prospective study, an analysis of diffusion-weighted images of 26 patients with NTG (49ONs) and age-matched volunteers (52ONs) was conducted. Subjects were classified into 4 groups: group I (50-59 y...

Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is an unavoidable risk to astronauts that may affect mission success. Male rodents exposed to 33-beam-GCR (33-GCR) show short-term cognitive deficits but reports on female rodents and long-term assessment is lacking. Here we asked: What are the longitudinal behavioral effects of 33-GCR on female mice? Also, can an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compound mitigate the impact of 33-GCR? Mature (6-month-old) C57BL/6J female mice received the antioxidant CDDO-EA (400 µg/g of food) or a control diet (vehicle, Veh) for 5 days and either Sham-irradiation (IRR) or whole-body 33-GCR (0...

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative illness marked by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, causing motor symptoms. Oral levodopa replacement therapy remains the gold standard in the treatment of PD. It is, nevertheless, a symptomatic treatment. There is currently no effective treatment for PD. Therefore, new therapies for PD are highly desirable. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to improve behavioral functions in PD animal models...

In neurons, RNA granules are transported along the axon for local translation away from the soma. Recent studies indicate that some of this transport involves hitchhiking of RNA granules on lysosome-related vesicles. In the present study, we leveraged the ability to prevent transport of these vesicles into the axon by knockout of the lysosome-kinesin adaptor BLOC-one-related complex (BORC) to identify a subset of axonal mRNAs that depend on lysosome-related vesicles for transport. We found that BORC knockout causes depletion of a large group of axonal mRNAs mainly encoding ribosomal and mitochondrial/oxidative phosphorylation proteins...

BACKGROUND: Ankle sprains lead to an unexplained reduction of ankle eversion strength, and arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) in peroneal muscles is considered one of the underlying causes. This study aimed to observe the presence of AMI in peroneal muscles among people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: Sixty-three people with CAI and another sixty-three without CAI conducted maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and superimposed burst (SIB) tests during ankle eversion, then fifteen people with CAI and fifteen without CAI were randomly invited to repeat the same tests to calculate the test-retest reliability...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of glutamatergic neurons in the dorsomedial periaqueductal grey (dmPAG) in regulating excessive defensive behaviors in mice with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to stereotactic injections of different recombinant adeno- associated viral vectors (rAAV2/9-CaMKII-mCherry, rAAV2/9-CaMKII-hM3Dq-mCherry and rAAV2/9-CaMKII-hM4Di-mCherry) into the bilateral dmPAG for chemogenetic activation or inhibition of the glutamatergic neurons, followed 2 weeks later by PTSD modeling by single prolonged stress...

BACKGROUND: Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB), a traditional medicinal herb, has been reported to have pharmacological effect including protection against liver, neuron and kidney toxicity. However, explanation of its underlying mechanisms remains a great challenge. This study investigated the protective effects of GEB extract on vancomycin (VAN)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and underlying mechanisms with emphasis on the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided three groups: control (CON) group, VAN group and GEB group with duration of 14 days...

INTRODUCTION: Neurofilament light chain (NfL), a blood biomarker of neuronal injury, shows promise in distinguishing neurodegenerative disorders from psychiatric conditions. This is especially relevant in psychosis, given neurological conditions such as autoimmune encephalitis and Niemann Pick Type C disease (NPC) may initially present with psychotic symptoms. Whilst NfL levels have been studied in established schizophrenia cases, their levels in first-episode psychosis (FEP) and ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis individuals remain largely unexplored...

Maternal nutrition was recognized as a significant part of brain growth and maturation in most mammalian species. Timely intervention with suitable nutraceuticals would provide long-term health benefits. We aim to unravel the molecular mechanisms of perinatal undernutrition-induced impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity, employing animal model based on dietary nutraceutical supplementation. We treated undernourished dams at their gestational, lactational, and at both the time point with Astaxanthin (AsX) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and their pups were used as experimental animals...

RATIONALE: In 2018, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) classified Gaming Disorder (GD) as a mental disorder. GD mainly occurs among adolescents, who, after developing addiction, show psychopathological traits, such as social anxiety, depression, social isolation, and attention deficit. However, the different studies conducted in humans so far show several limitations, such as the lack of demographic heterogeneity and equal representation of age, differences in the type of game and in the follow-up period...

(CCG) short tandem repeats (STRs) are predominantly enriched in genic regions, mutation hotspots for C to T truncating substitutions, and involved in various neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, intact blocks of this class of STRs are widely overlooked with respect to their link with natural selection. The human neuron-specific gene, DISP2 (dispatched RND transporter family member 2), contains a (CCG) repeat in its 5' untranslated region. Here, we sequenced this STR in a sample of 448 Iranian individuals, consisting of late-onset neurocognitive disorder (NCD) (N = 203) and controls (N = 245)...

In seasonally breeding mammals and birds, the production of the hormones that regulate reproduction (gonadotropins) is controlled by a complex pituitary-brain-pituitary pathway. Indeed, the pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates gonadotropin expression in pituitary gonadotropes, via dio2-expressing tanycytes, hypothalamic Kisspeptin, RFamide-related peptide, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. However, in fish, how seasonal environmental signals influence gonadotropins remains unclear...