SLGT

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and cardiovascular death (CVD). Both dapagliflozin and sacubitril-valsartan have recently shown convincing reductions in the combined risk of CVD and HF hospitalizations in patients with HF and mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) or HFpEF. We aimed to investigate the cost-per-outcome implications of dapagliflozin vs sacubitril-valsartan in the treatment of HFmrEF or HFpEF patients...

Background The factors considered by physicians when prescribing a glucose-lowering agent to patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in real-world settings are not necessarily consistent with those recommended by clinical practice guidelines. Here, we identify the major factors that drive physicians' selection of glucose-lowering agents in the real world and how these factors may differ by physician's specialty.  Methods A web-based survey was conducted among 135 physicians who manage patients with T2D in Saudi Arabia...

Glucose is the universal fuel of most mammalian cells, and it is largely replenished through dietary intake. Glucose availability to tissues is paramount for the maintenance of homeostatic energetics and, hence, supply should match demand by the consuming organs. In its journey through the body, glucose encounters cellular barriers for transit at the levels of the absorbing intestinal epithelial wall, the renal epithelium mediating glucose reabsorption, and the tight capillary endothelia (especially in the brain)...

Hypertrophy development induced by the overexpression of SlbHLH22 (also called SlUPA-like ) was susceptible to Xanthomonas in tomatoes. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed on the hypertrophy leaves of a SlbHLH22 -overexpressed line (OE) and wild type (WT) to investigate the molecular mechanism. Metabolome analysis revealed that six key metabolites were over-accumulated in the OE, including Acetylserine/O-Acetyl-L-serine, Glucono-1,5-lactone, Gluconate, 2-Oxoglutarate, and Loganate, implying that the OE plants increased salt or oxidant resistance under normal growth conditions...

Plant architecture, an important agronomic trait closely associated with yield, is governed by a highly intricate molecular network. Despite extensive research, many mysteries surrounding this regulation remain unresolved. Trihelix transcription factor family plays a crucial role in the development of plant morphology and abiotic stresses. Here, we identified a novel trihelix transcription factor named SlGT-26, and its down-regulation led to significant alterations in plant architecture, including dwarfing, reduced internode length, smaller leaves, and shorter petioles...

Crop breeding for mechanized harvesting has driven modern agriculture. In tomato, machine harvesting for industrial processing varieties became the norm in the 1970s. However, fresh-market varieties whose fruits are suitable for mechanical harvesting are difficult to breed because of associated reduction in flavour and nutritional qualities. Here we report the cloning and functional characterization of fs8.1, which controls the elongated fruit shape and crush resistance of machine-harvestable processing tomatoes...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To address the mechanistic pathways focusing on mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, sirtuins imbalance, and other contributors in patient with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors deeply influence these mechanisms. Recent randomized clinical trials have shown impressive results in improving cardiac function and reducing cardiovascular and renal events. These unexpected results generate the need to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms able to generate these effects to help explain such significant clinical outcomes...

BACKGROUND: SLGT-2 inhibitors have recently been investigated as a promising therapy for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD). However, to our knowledge, no report has been published about their use for this indication in the long term. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 68-year-old male with type 2 diabetes and chronic SIAD, in whom serum sodium levels were not adequately controlled by urea monotherapy. Other treatment options were not viable due to inefficacy or adverse effects...

A new therapeutic class of oral agents firstly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is represented by gliflozines or sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors might be effective alone or in combination with any other drugs. This therapeutic class currently includes five agents: canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and sotagliflozin. SGLT2 inhibitors prevent the renal reabsorption of filtered glucose and sodium by blocking the SGLT2 co-transporters in the proximal convoluted renal tubule, facilitating glucose excretion in the urine (glycosuria) and lowering blood glucose levels...

PURPOSE: To investigate the risk and protective factors of dry eye disease (DED) in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study using Chang- Gung research database collecting data from 2005 to 2020. METHODS: Patients with type II DM were included, and those with previous ocular diseases were excluded. Ten thousand twenty nine developed DED (DED group), and 142,491 didn't (non-DED group). The possible risk and protective factors were compared and analyzed using the logistic regression model...

Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are the leading causes of mortality. Despite medical advances, these illnesses are still underdiagnosed and undermanaged. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) have recently emerged as a potential class of medications with promising cardiovascular and renal safety in non-diabetic patients. In this systematic review, we explored the outcomes of cardiovascular and renal protective effects utilizing SGLT-2i in three large randomized clinical trials with a cohort of both diabetes and non-diabetes patients...

A 58-year-old male with a history of hypertension and non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was brought in by ambulance and admitted to the intensive care unit for weakness, lethargy, and altered mental status and was found to be hypotensive and subsequently diagnosed with severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). A thorough investigation into precipitating factors for his DKA was largely unrevealing; an extensive infectious work- up was negative and the patient's history was otherwise only significant for starting a ketogenic diet 1 month prior while simultaneously being on a sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, namely empagliflozin...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: After coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), patients remain at increased risk of cardiovascular events and death. Cardiac surgeons have the opportunity to reduce this risk by optimizing post-CABG patients' medical therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent developments in lipid-lowering, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, and anti-inflammatory therapy can significantly improve prognosis in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. PCSK-9 inhibitors should be used in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol despite maximally tolerated statin therapy...

A 51-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus developed euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) in the post-operative setting after robotic-assisted sleeve gastrectomy. She developed tachycardia on post-operative day (POD) 1 before developing altered mental status and tachypnea on POD 2. The diagnosis was ultimately made by discovering ketonuria in the setting of anion gap metabolic acidosis despite repeatedly normal blood glucose levels. Pre-operatively, her blood glucose levels were managed with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor-containing combination pill, Invokamet®, as well as basal-bolus insulin regimen consisting of aspart (NovoLog®) and glargine-lixisenatide (Soliqua®)...

2020 has continued to bring important progress in all areas of internal medicine, impacting our daily practice. From a shift to oral stepdown antibiotics in infectious endocarditis, to new indications for apixaban, SLGT-2 inhibitors and macrolide antibiotics, passing by the catheter-based renal denervation in hypertension, early paracentesis in cirrhosis and new diagnostic criteria in pulmonary embolism, internal medicine journals are full of novelties. Every year, the chief residents of internal medicine at the Swiss University Hospital of Lausanne meet up to share their readings: here is their selection of eleven articles, summarized and commented for you...

Chalcones have shown a broad spectrum of biological activities with clinical potential against various diseases. The biological activities are mainly attributed to the presence of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system, perceived as potential Michael acceptors. In this review, we discussed the antioxidant potential of chalcones and elucidated the mechanisms of pathways and proteins such as carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), aldose reductase, SGLT-2, and Nrf2 that are targeted by antidiabetic chalcones...

Inflammation is an obligatory marker of arterial disease, both stemming from the inflammatory activity of cholesterol itself and from well-established molecular mechanisms. Raised progenitor cell recruitment after major events and clonal hematopoiesis related mechanisms have provided an improved understanding of factors regulating inflammatory phenomena. Trials with inflammation antagonists have led to an extensive evaluation of biomarkers such as the high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), not exerting a causative role, but frequently indicative of the individual cardiovascular (CV) risk...

Cardiac fibrosis is a major pathological manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), which leads to cardiac remodeling, dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCF) constitute the predominant cell type in the heart and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are also involved in cardiac fibrosis. However, it is unclear whether high glucose levels affect the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in HCF. Sodium‑glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic agents and the anti‑DCM effect of SGLT inhibitors has been demonstrated by previous studies...

The optimal treatment approach to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), including those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has been extensively evaluated. Several trials of stable ischemic heart disease including patients with T2DM have demonstrated that medical management is comparable to revascularization in terms of mortality and rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). There has been a growing appreciation for optimal medical therapy's (OMT) role in improving clinical outcomes. It is vital to target T2DM patients to prevent or delay MACE events through advanced OMT, ultimately delaying if not avoiding the need for revascularization...

The trihelix family, classified as GT factors due to their binding specificity for GT elements, constitutes a plant-specific transcription factor family with a conserved trihelix DNA binding domain. In the present study, the comprehensive analysis of 36 putative GT factors was performed in tomato. SlGT members can be classified into six subgroups (GT-1, GT-2, SH4, SIP1, GT-γ and GT-δ). Expression analysis of SlGT gene transcripts showed the distinct expression patterns of SlGT genes in various tomato organs...