Anovulatory bleeding

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a frequent symptom in the perimenopause. Causes are numerous, ranging from physiological reactions due to decreasing/unstable ovarian function to premalignant and malignant conditions. Benign findings such as endometrial polyps and myomas increase with age, leading to more abnormal uterine bleeding in the perimenopause. Cervical and vaginal causes of abnormal uterine bleeding should be excluded by speculum examination. Sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy should be ruled out...

Obesity is not a choice or a result of lack of willpower, but a multifactorial, chronic, progressive, and relapsing disease. During menopause, hormonal and body composition changes lead to greater visceral adiposity, that aggravates women's health at a cardiometabolic, mechanic and mental level. Adiposity has been identified as an important modifier of reproductive hormones. During female midlife, obesity has been associated with menstrual cycle alterations (anovulatory cycles ending with abnormal bleedings), menopausal symptoms including hot flashes, poor quality of sleep, aches and joint pain, genitourinary symptoms, and reduced quality of life...

BACKGROUND: Literature evaluating the management of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal patients prior to endometrial malignancy diagnosis is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate predictors and consequences of inadequate evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding and time to endometrial sampling in premenopausal patients prior to endometrial malignancy diagnosis.Study Design.This was a retrospective cohort study of premenopausal individuals with endometrioid endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia at a single institution from 2015 to 2020...

Superfetation is a very rare occurrence. In the context of assisted reproduction, it has been reported only as an intrauterine pregnancy after ovarian stimulation and/or embryo transfer in the presence of an undiagnosed ectopic pregnancy. Here we report a case of a 27-year-old anovulatory patient, gravida 1 para 1, who underwent two frozen-thawed single-blastocyst transfers in separate cycles. The patient reported that 12 days after the first transfer, she had menstrual bleeding and stopped her estradiol and progesterone supplementation without undergoing a blood human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) test...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare serum PNX-14 values of women with PCOS classified as lean or overweight according to the BMI values. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty lean or overweight women diagnosed with PCOS according to the revised Rotterdam criteria were included in the study. They were divided into two groups according to their BMI values. Thirty patients with BMI values of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 constituted the normal-weight PCOS group. Twenty patients with BMI values of 25-29...

BACKGROUND: Endometrial thickness (ET) measurement was an alternative method for predicting abnormal endometrial pathology in postmenopausal bleeding. Cut-off value of ET measurement could not be use in perimenopausal bleeding. OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to investigate appropriate ET cut-off value for perimenopause women with abnormal uterine bleeding (PEMB) and abnormal endometrial histopathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Absent, impaired, or rare ovulation induces progesterone deficiency in the luteal phase, which is a critical problem in PCOS. A usual pattern of progesterone administration from a fixed and arbitrary pre-determined day of a menstrual cycle may preserve infertility but can easily be avoided. We present the case of a 29-year-old infertile woman who had been ineffectively treated for over two years. We introduced a line of therapy that was suited to her individual menstrual cycle by implementing biomarker recording...

OBJECTIVE: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common gynecologic complaint in adolescent girls. The aim of this study was to identify the diagnostic and management differences between those with/without heavy menstrual bleeding. METHODS: Retrospective data was collected from adolescents aged 10-19 years, diagnosed with AUB. Adolescents with known bleeding disorders at admission were excluded. All girls were classified according to the degree of anemia; group 1 had heavy bleeding [hemoglobin (Hb) <10 g/dL] and group 2 had moderate or mild bleeding (Hb >10 g/dL)...

BACKGROUND: In early adolescence, irregular menstrual bleeding patterns are common and are frequently due to anovulatory cycles or bleeding disorders. As such, the diagnosis of a vaginal foreign body may initially be missed. CASE: We describe a 14-year-old adolescent female presenting with ongoing irregular menstrual spotting despite reassuring laboratory workup and ultrasonography. She was found to have an embedded vaginal sea sponge eroding through the vaginal wall...

This case study follows a professional internationally capped female soccer player's two-year journey from eumenorrhea, through injury, to amenorrhea, and the challenges faced by the player and nutritionist. The two years are split into three sections: (1) longitudinal profiling of the player, (2) nutrition to support her return from injury, and (3) investigation into the observed secondary amenorrhea. The cause of amenorrhea was investigated through the assessment of energy availability via doubly labelled water, remote food photography, blood biomarkers and resting metabolic rate...

Anovulation is very common and has several different clinical manifestations, including amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea and abnormal uterine bleeding. Various mechanisms can cause anovulation. The clinical consequences and commonest chronic anovulatory disorder, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), has a prevalence that ranges between 6 to 10% of the global population. While multiple causes can eventually result in PCOS, various methods have been described in the literature for its management, often without ascertaining the underlying cause...

BACKGROUND: Anovulation is one of the main causes of female infertility. This study will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Bushen Culuan Decoction for anovulatory infertility caused by six diseases, including anovulatory abnormal uterine bleeding, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, corpus luteum insufficiency, and premature ovarian insufficiency. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blinded, double-dummy, parallel, positively controlled, adaptive, multicenter clinical trial...

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance (IR) is an important determinant of the phenotype and morbidity of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, we aimed to figure out the association between the degree of menstrual disturbance and the severity of IR in women with PCOS. DESIGN: It is a cross-sectional study conducted in an academic tertiary setting. PATIENTS: The patients comprised five hundred twenty-seven women diagnosed with PCOS by the 2003 Rotterdam criteria and 565 controls with regular vaginal bleeding...

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the commonest complaints of women in reproductive age and non-gravid state that brings them to the attention of the primary care doctor or the gynaecologist. Anovulation without any medical illness or pelvic pathology seems to be the common cause. Bleeding due to a wide variation in pathology both inside and outside the reproductive tract can be termed as anovulatory bleeding. Therefore, it is mandatory to elicit a focused menstrual history and appropriate evaluation followed by a pelvic examination...

The normal ovulatory menstrual cycle requires the presence of a mature hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and highly coordinated hormonal feedback loops. Consisting of three phases (follicular, ovulatory, and luteal), the normal menstrual cycle results in the formation of a mature follicle and release of an oocyte during each cycle, with menses occurring in the absence of fertilization. While adolescents may initially experience anovulatory cycles following menarche, the vast majority of cycles will be fairly regular, lasting 21 to 45 days in length with an average of three to seven days of bleeding...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate risk factors for endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia/malignancy in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding or oligomenorrhea. Specifically, we aimed to elucidate whether body mass index (BMI) or age confers a higher risk. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was performed at a large academic center examining risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia/malignancy in premenopausal women undergoing endometrial sampling...

Heavy, and often irregular, menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common gynecologic complaint among adolescents. During the first few post-menarcheal years, anovulatory cycles related to immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis are the most common etiology for abnormal uterine bleeding and should be considered as a part of normal pubertal development rather than a disease. If an already regular menstrual cycle becomes irregular, secondary causes of anovulation should be ruled out. Inherited and acquired bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease, and quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of platelets are relatively common findings in adolescents with HMB from menarche...

Current literature suggests that surgical complications from oocyte retrievals (ORs) are uncommon. Here, we present a rare case of bladder injury during OR and its subsequent management. A 37-year-old nulliparous woman underwent assisted reproductive therapy (ART) for primary infertility secondary to anovulatory cycle. During OR, there was an inadvertent puncture of the bladder, with active intra-bladder bleeding seen on transvaginal ultrasound. Bladder washout followed by continuous drainage was instituted with antibiotic coverage over several days...

Under the guidance of the theory of &quot;kidney governing reproduction&quot;, this study demonstrated the mechanism of six types of ovulatory infertility caused by kidney deficiency and blood stasis, including anovulatory bleeding, polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, luteal phase deficiency, and primary ovarian insufficiency. A series of studies have confirmed that integrated Chinese and western medicine can increase the responsiveness of the ovaries to gonadotropins and improve ovarian function by regulating the effects of estradiol(E_2), prolactin(PRL), and reducing follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH), progestin(P), and testosterone(T)...

OBJECTIVE: Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the deadliest gynaecologic malignancy. Knowing that OvCa, as a disease, has different origins has allowed us to relate them to the mechanisms of action of different contraceptive methods with the aim of evaluating the possibility of their use in reducing risk. STUDY DESIGN: This commentary review article will instead focus on the recent findings on the role of contraceptive methods in preventing of OvCa. RESULTS: Combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) use is an effective method of chemoprevention for OvCa in the general population and in women with genetic disorders...