AHIMA

Outpatient clinical notes are a rich source of information regarding drug safety. However, data in these notes are currently underutilized for pharmacovigilance due to methodological limitations in text mining. Large language models (LLMs) like Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) have shown progress in a range of natural language processing tasks but have not yet been evaluated on adverse event (AE) detection. We adapted a new clinical LLM, University of California - San Francisco (UCSF)-BERT, to identify serious AEs (SAEs) occurring after treatment with a non-steroid immunosuppressant for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)...

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of serum insulin and related measures with neuropathology and cognition in older persons. METHODS: We studied 192 older persons (96 with diabetes and 96 without, matched by sex and balanced by age-at-death, education, and postmortem interval) from a community-based, clinical-pathologic study of aging, with annual evaluations including neuropsychological testing (summarized into global cognition and 5 cognitive domains) and postmortem autopsy...

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an inflammatory form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), closely associated with disease progression, cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been shown to decrease body weight and adiposity and improve metabolic outcomes; however, the effect of TRF on NASH has not yet been fully understood. We had previously reported that inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) mediates hepatic insulin signaling. Importantly, we have found that TRF increases hepatic IPMK levels...

BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis is a significant health concern among indigenous population in the Americas. In Brazil, reports find high endemicity of HBV and HDV infections has been reported in several indigenous groups. However, few studies have documented the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV in the Yanomami. In this study, the prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and D serological markers and potential risk factors were investigated to provide guidance for the development of strategies aimed at reducing viral transmission in the Yanomami indigenous villages...

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Hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) result from the imbalance or increase of androgen levels in females. Androgen Receptor (AR) mediates the effects of androgens, and this study examines whether neuronal AR plays a role in reproduction under normal and increased androgen conditions in female mice. The neuron specific AR knockout mouse (SynARKO) was generated from a female mouse (synapsin promoter driven Cre) and a male mouse (Ar fl/y). Puberty onset and the levels of reproductive hormones such as LH, FSH, testosterone and estradiol were comparable between the control and the SynARKO mice...

BACKGROUND: The rapidly rising cardiometabolic disease (CMD) burden in urbanizing sub-Saharan African populations and among sub-Saharan African migrants in Europe likely affects serum adiponectin and leptin levels, but this has not yet been quantified. OBJECTIVES: To compare the serum levels of adiponectin and leptin among migrant, and non-migrant (urban and rural) populations of Ghanaian descent. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of serum leptin and adiponectin in the multi-centre Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study...

Mismatch between CO2 production (Vco2 ) and respiration underlies the pathogenesis of obesity hypoventilation. Leptin-mediated CNS pathways stimulate both metabolism and breathing, but interactions between these functions remain elusive. We hypothesized that LEPRb + neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) regulate metabolism and breathing in obesity. In diet-induced obese Leprb Cre mice, chemogenetic activation of LEPRb + DMH neurons increases minute ventilation (Ve) during sleep, the hypercapnic ventilatory response, Vco2 , and Ve/Vco2 , indicating that breathing is stimulated out of proportion to metabolism...

Type-2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of dementia, and the underlying mechanism might involve abnormal insulin signaling in the brain. The objective of this study was to examine the association of postmortem brain insulin signaling with late-life cognitive decline. Among participants of Religious Orders Study, a community-based clinical-pathological cohort, 150 deceased and autopsied older individuals (75 with diabetes matched to 75 without by age at death, sex, and education) had postmortem brain insulin signaling measurements collected in the prefrontal cortex using ELISA and immunohistochemistry...

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is an inflammatory form of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), closely associated with disease progression, cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been shown to decrease body weight and adiposity and improve metabolic outcomes, however, the effect of TRF on NASH has not yet been fully understood. We had previously reported that inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) mediates hepatic insulin signaling. Importantly, we have found that TRF increases hepatic IPMK levels...

Insulin resistance is a critical mediator of the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). An excess influx of fatty acids to the liver is thought to be a pathogenic cause of insulin resistance and the development of NAFLD. Although elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma contribute to inducing insulin resistance and NAFLD, the molecular mechanism is not completely understood. This study aimed to determine whether inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), a regulator of insulin signaling, plays any role in FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary hepatocytes...

Hyperandrogenemia and polycystic ovarian syndrome are a result of the imbalance of androgen levels in females. Androgen receptor (Ar) mediates the effect of androgen, and this study examines how neuronal Ar in the central nervous system (CNS) mediates metabolism under normal and increased androgen conditions in female mice. The neuron specific ARKO mouse (SynARKO) was created from female (Ar fl/wt; synapsin promoter driven Cre) and male (Ar fl/y) mice. Glucose tolerance test revealed impaired glucose tolerance that was partially alleviated in the SynARKO-DHT mice compared to Con-DHT mice after 4-months of DHT treatment...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Outpatient clinical notes are a rich source of information regarding drug safety. However, data in these notes are currently underutilized for pharmacovigilance due to methodological limitations in text mining. Large language models (LLM) like BERT have shown progress in a range of natural language processing tasks but have not yet been evaluated on adverse event detection. METHODS: We adapted a new clinical LLM, UCSF BERT, to identify serious adverse events (SAEs) occurring after treatment with a non-steroid immunosuppressant for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)...

Several endocrine disorders, including diabetes, insulinoma, Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and growth hormone deficiency, are associated with obesity. The mechanisms underlying the development of obesity vary according to the abnormalities of endocrine function. The primary actions of insulin, glucocorticoids (GCs), thyroid hormone, and growth hormone are associated with energy metabolism in the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and other tissues. This chapter describes the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic dysfunction associated with excess insulin or GCs and the deficiency of thyroid hormone or growth hormone...

Obesity and male sex are main risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). We have shown that male diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice develop hypoventilation, sleep apnea, and sleep fragmentation. The effects of DIO on breathing and sleep architecture in females have not been investigated. We hypothesized that female mice are less susceptible to the detrimental effects of DIO on sleep and SDB compared to males. Female DIO-C57BL/6J and lean C57BL/6J mice underwent 24-h metabolic studies, were exposed to 8% CO2 to measure the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR), and sleep studies...

Insulin resistance is a critical mediator of the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). An excess influx of fatty acids to the liver is thought to be a pathogenic cause of insulin resistance and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma contribute to inducing insulin resistance and NAFLD, the molecular mechanism is not completely understood. This study aimed to determine whether inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), a regulator of insulin signaling, plays any role in FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary hepatocytes...

AIMS: Although obesity is associated with chronic disease, a large section of the population with high BMI does not have an increased risk of metabolic disease. Increased visceral adiposity and sarcopenia are also risk factors for metabolic disease in people with normal BMI. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques can help assess and analyze body composition parameters for predicting cardiometabolic health. The purpose of the study was to systematically explore literature involving AI techniques for body composition assessment and observe general trends...

As the worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to rise, so too does the urgency to fully understand mediating mechanisms, to discover new targets for safe and effective therapeutic intervention, and to identify biomarkers to track obesity and the success of weight loss interventions. In 2016, the American Heart Association sought applications for a Strategically Focused Research Network (SFRN) on Obesity. In 2017, 4 centers were named, including Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center...

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that obesity and metabolic abnormalities correlate with background parenchymal enhancement (BPE), the volume and intensity of enhancing fibroglandular breast tissue on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Participants included 59 premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 . Metabolic parameters included dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-quantified body composition, plasma biomarkers of insulin resistance, adipokines, inflammation, lipids, and urinary sex hormones...

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Evidence-based interventions to improve hypertension control in high-income countries have not been translated equally in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The objective of the Addressing Hypertension Care in Africa (ADHINCRA) Study was to test the feasibility and signal of efficacy of a multilevel, nurse-led, mobile health enhanced intervention in improving hypertension control in Ghana. METHODS: Using a cluster randomized controlled pilot trial design, four hospitals in Kumasi, Ghana, were randomized to the intervention arm (2 hospitals) and enhanced usual care arm (2 hospitals)...