Adipocyte macrophage

Thrombin inhibition suppresses adiposity, WAT inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in mice. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)1 does not account for thrombin-driven obesity, so we explored the culprit role of PAR4 in this context. Male WT and PAR-4-/- mice received a high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks, WT controls received standard chow. Body fat was quantified by NMR. Epididymal WAT was assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and lipase activity assay. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated ± thrombin, acutely stimulated ± PAR4 activating peptide (AP) and assessed by immunoblot, qPCR and U937 monocyte adhesion...

Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes in adipose tissue are critical for the regulation of energy metabolism and obesity. Macrophage polarization induced by cold or other stimulations can drive metabolic reprogramming of adipocytes, browning, and thermogenesis. Accordingly, investigating the roles of macrophages and adipocytes in the maintenance of energy homeostasis is critical for the development of novel therapeutic approaches specifically targeting macrophages in metabolic disorders such as obesity...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (AM, recorded in https://www.worldfloraonline.org, 2023-08-03) is a kind of medicine food homology plant with a long medicinal history in China. Astragaloside III (AS-III) has immunomodulatory effects and is one of the most active components in AM. However, its underlying mechanism of action is still not fully explained. AIM OF THE STUDY: The research was designed to discuss the protective effects of AS-III on immunosuppression and to elucidate its prospective mechanism...

Diet-induced obesity can cause metabolic syndromes. The critical link in disease progression is adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) recruitment, which drives low-level inflammation, triggering adipocyte dysfunction. It is unclear whether ubiquitin-specific proteinase 14 (USP14) affects metabolic disorders by mediating adipose tissue inflammation. In the present study, we showed that USP14 is highly expressed in ATMs of obese human patients and diet-induced obese mice. Mouse USP14 overexpression aggravated obesity-related insulin resistance by increasing the levels of pro-inflammatory ATMs, leading to adipose tissue inflammation, excessive lipid accumulation, and hepatic steatosis...

Insulin resistance (IR) is a global health challenge, often initiated by dysfunctional adipose tissue. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may have different effects on IR, but the mechanisms are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of EPA and DHA against IR in a high-fat diet (HFD) mice model and investigate whether EPA and DHA alter IR modulate the G-protein-poupled receptor 120/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (GPR120/PPARγ) pathway in macrophages and adipocytes, which may affect IR in adipocytes...

The obesity epidemic continues to worsen worldwide, driving metabolic and chronic inflammatory diseases. Thiazolidinediones, such as rosiglitazone (Rosi), are PPARγ agonists that promote 'M2-like' adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) polarization and cause insulin sensitization. As ATM-derived small extracellular vesicles (ATM-sEVs) from lean mice are known to increase insulin sensitivity, we assessed the metabolic effects of ATM-sEVs from Rosi-treated obese male mice (Rosi-ATM-sEVs). Here we show that Rosi leads to improved glucose and insulin tolerance, transcriptional repolarization of ATMs and increased sEV secretion...

BACKGROUND: Differences in border zone contribute to different outcomes post-infarction, such as left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) and myocardial infarction (MI). LVA usually forms within 24 h of the onset of MI and may cause heart rupture; however, LVA surgery is best performed 3 months after MI. Few studies have investigated the LVA model, the differences in border zones between LVA and MI, and the mechanism in the border zone. METHODS: The LVA, MI, and SHAM mouse models were used...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist on β3-adrenoceptor agonist-induced impairment of white fat homeostasis and beige adipose formation and heat production in obese mice. METHODS: Forty obese C57BL/6J mice were randomized into high-fat feeding group, β3-adrenoceptor agonist-treated model group, α 7 nAChR agonist group, and α 7 nAChR inhibitor group ( n =10), with another 10 mice with normal feeding as the blank control group...

Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), such as FABP4 (aP2, A-FABP), are essential for cellular lipid regulation, membrane-protein interactions, and the modulation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways. FABP4, primarily expressed in adipocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, is integrated into signaling networks that influence immune responses and insulin activity. It has been linked to obesity, inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Inhibition of FABP4 is emerging as a promising strategy for treating obesity-related conditions, particularly insulin resistance and diabetes...

The in vitro oxygen microenvironment profoundly affects the capacity of cell cultures to model physiological and pathophysiological states. Cell culture is often considered to be hyperoxic, but pericellular oxygen levels, which are affected by oxygen diffusivity and consumption, are rarely reported. Here, we provide evidence that several cell types in culture actually experience local hypoxia, with important implications for cell metabolism and function. We focused initially on adipocytes, as adipose tissue hypoxia is frequently observed in obesity and precedes diminished adipocyte function...

N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are endogenous lipid-signalling molecules involved in inflammation and energy metabolism. The potential pharmacological effect of NAE association in managing inflammation-based metabolic disorders is unexplored. To date, targeting liver-adipose axis can be considered a therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and related dysfunctions. Here, we investigated the metabolic effect of OLALIAMID® (OLA), an olive oil-derived NAE mixture, in limiting liver and adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice...

BACKGROUND: Macrophage-mediated inflammatory response in the early post-grafting period restricts fat graft retention. Pyroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death that extensively participates in inflammatory pathologies. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether macrophage pyroptosis is activated during the inflammatory phase after fat grafting and to investigate the efficacy of a pyroptosis inhibitor, disulfiram (DSF) in fat graft retention. METHODS: We established a C57BL/6 mice fat grafting model and then analyzed macrophage pyroptosis...

Macrophages maintain tissue homeostasis by removing old, damaged and apoptotic cells. During metamorphosis, the fruit fly larval fat body undergoes cell death and is eventually replaced by the adult fat body. In a new study, Adam Bajgar and colleagues find that macrophages convert dying larval adipocytes into nutrients to be utilised by other tissues during post-metamorphic development. To find out more about the story behind the paper, we caught up with first author Gabriela Krejčová and corresponding author Adam Bajgar, Associate Professor at the University of South Bohemia...

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacterial infection in the periodontal support tissue. Visfatin, a hormone secreted mainly by adipocytes and macrophages, plays an important role in immune regulation and defense. Although studies have indicated that patients with periodontitis have significantly high serum and gingival crevicular fluid levels of visfatin, the relationship between this adipocytokine and periodontal disease remains unclear. AIM: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the association between visfatin levels and periodontitis...

Adipose tissue (AT) adapts to overnutrition in a complex process, wherein specialized immune cells remove and replace dysfunctional and stressed adipocytes with new fat cells. Among immune cells recruited to AT, lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) have emerged as key players in obesity and in diseases involving lipid stress and inflammation. Here, we show that LAMs selectively express transmembrane 4 L six family member 19 (TM4SF19), a lysosomal protein that represses acidification through its interaction with Vacuolar-ATPase...

Low-grade chronic inflammation and adipocyte dysfunction are prominent risk factors of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in obesity. Thus, prevention of inflammation and adipocyte dysfunction could be one possible approach to mitigate T2DM development. Several Ficus species have been used in traditional medicine for ameliorating inflammation and T2DM. Our previous studies reported biological effects of Ficus lindsayana including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-α-glucosidase activities...

Browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a focus of research in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolism, which may be a potential molecular mechanism for high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to improve T2DM. In this study, male C57BL/6J wild-type mice were subjected to an 8-week HIIT regimen following T2DM induction through a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection. We found that HIIT improved glucose metabolism, body weight, and fat mass in T2DM mice. HIIT also decreased adipocyte size and induced browning of WAT...

Mechanism underlying the metabolic benefit of intermittent fasting remains largely unknown. Here, we reported that intermittent fasting promoted interleukin-22 (IL-22) production by type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and subsequent beigeing of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Adoptive transfer of intestinal ILC3s increased beigeing of white adipose tissue in diet-induced-obese mice. Exogenous IL-22 significantly increased the beigeing of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Deficiency of IL-22 receptor (IL-22R) attenuated the beigeing induced by intermittent fasting...

Cardiac fibrosis, a common pathophysiology associated with various heart diseases, occurs from the excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) 1 . Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are the primary cells that produce, degrade, and remodel ECM during homeostasis and tissue repair 2 . Upon injury, CFs gain plasticity to differentiate into myofibroblasts 3 and adipocyte-like 4,5 and osteoblast-like 6 cells, promoting fibrosis and impairing heart function 7 . How CFs maintain their cell state during homeostasis and adapt plasticity upon injury are not well defined...

Adipose dysfunction in lipodystrophic SEIPIN deficiency is associated with multiple metabolic disorders and increased risks of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Recently, adipose transplantation is found to correct adipose dysfunction and metabolic disorders in lipodystrophic Seipin knockout mice; however, whether adipose transplantation could improve lipodystrophy-associated cardiovascular consequences is still unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of adipose transplantation on lipodystrophy-associated metabolic cardiovascular diseases in Seipin knockout mice crossed into atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E ( Apoe ) knockout background...