Biological Psychiatry : Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

BACKGROUND: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or impulsivity/hyperactivity. ADHD, especially when persisting into adulthood, often includes emotional dysregulation, such as affect lability; however, the neural correlates of emotionality in adults with heterogenous ADHD symptom persistence remain unclear. METHODS: The present study sought to determine shared and distinct functional neuroanatomical profiles of neural circuitry during emotional interference resistance using an Emotional Faces N-Back task while adult participants with persisting (n = 47), desisting (n = 93) or no childhood ADHD symptoms (n = 42) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans...

BACKGROUND: There has been renewed interest in the use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders. Many of these compounds are known to produce prosocial effects, but how these effects relate to therapeutic efficacy and the extent to which prosocial effects are unique to a particular drug class is unknown. METHODS: In this article, we present a narrative overview and compare evidence for the prosocial effects of MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics to elucidate shared mechanisms that may underlie the therapeutic process...

BACKGROUND: Deficits in face emotion recognition are well-documented in depression, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Psychophysical observer models provide a way to precisely characterize such mechanisms. Using model-based analyses, we test two hypotheses about how depression might reduce sensitivity to detect face emotion: via a change in selectivity for visual information diagnostic of emotion, versus a change in signal-to-noise ratio in the system performing emotion detection...

BACKGROUND: We sought to identify paths from APOE e4 to neurobehaviors itemized on a neuropsychiatric inventory that involved neuropathologies associated with e4 (amyloid, tau, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and Lewy bodies) or cognition mediators (memory or global cognitive status), as well as direct paths from e4 to neurobehaviors. METHODS: A total of 1199 cases with available neurobehavioral, cognition and neuropathological data were included. We conducted a series of causal mediation analyses in R in which e4 always served as the independent variable and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) neurobehavioral items, when included in the mediation, the outcome...

BACKGROUND: Sensory prediction allows the brain to anticipate and parse incoming self-generated sensory information from externally-generated signals. Sensory prediction breakdowns may contribute to perceptual and agency abnormalities in psychosis (hallucinations, delusions). Pons, a central node in a cortico-ponto-cerebellar-thalamo-cortical circuit, is thought to support sensory prediction. Examination of pons connectivity in schizophrenia and its role in sensory prediction abnormalities is lacking...

BACKGROUND: Traumatic experiences during childhood significantly impact the developing brain and contributes to the development of numerous physical and mental health problems. A comprehensive understanding of the functional impairments within the brain associated with childhood who trauma histories, however, is unknown. Previous fMRI meta-analytical tools required homogeneity in task types and the clinical populations studied, thus, preventing the comprehensive pooling of brain-based deficits present in children who have trauma histories...

Psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, LSD, DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT all of which are serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor agonists are being investigated as potential treatments. This review aims to summarize the current clinical research on these four compounds and mescaline to guide future research. Their mechanism/s of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety were reviewed. While evidence for therapeutic indications, with the exception of psilocybin for depression, is still relatively scarce, we noted no differences in psychedelic effects beyond effect duration...

OBJECTIVE: Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis has been used to study disruptions in neural circuitries underlying eating disorder symptoms. Research has shown RSFC to be altered during the acute phase of anorexia nervosa (AN), but little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying neural changes associated with weight restoration. The goal of the current study was to investigate longitudinal changes in regional homogeneity among neighboring voxels (ReHo), degree centrality (DC; a voxel-wise whole brain correlation coefficient), voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC; measuring the synchronization between hemispheres) and the (fractional) amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) associated with weight gain during AN treatment...

Taking regular low doses of psychedelic drugs (microdosing) is a practice that has drawn recent scientific and media attention for its potential psychotherapeutic effects. Yet, controlled studies evaluating this practice have lagged. Here, we review recent evidence focusing on studies that were conducted with rigorous experimental control. Studies conducted under laboratory settings using double-blind placebo-controlled procedures and investigator-supplied drug were compiled. The review includes demographic characteristics of participants and dependent measures such as physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects of the drugs...

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BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment (CM) confers risk for different mental disorders as well as transdiagnostic symptoms such as dissociation. Aberrant amygdala response to interpersonal threat may link CM to transdiagnostic psychopathology, and has recently been shown to depend on type and developmental timing of CM experiences. Still, most studies on CM and threat-related amygdala response employ categorical disorder-specific perspectives, and fail to consider type and timing of CM exposure...

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