Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada

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INTRODUCTION: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can induce an elevation in sympathetic tone; however, research pertaining to the cardiac cycle in patients with PTSD is limited. METHODS: A literature review was conducted with PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science. Articles discussing changes and associations in echocardiography and PTSD or related symptoms were synthesized for the current review. We have also included data from a case report of a male participant aged 33 years experiencing potentially psychologically traumatic events, who wore a noninvasive cardiac sensor to assess the timing intervals and contractility parameters of the cardiac cycle using seismocardiography...

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory therapists (RTs) faced morally distressing situations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, including working with limited resources and facilitating video calls for families of dying patients. Moral distress is associated with a host of adverse psychological and functional outcomes (e.g. depression, anxiety, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] and functional impairment) and consideration of position departure. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of moral distress and its associated psychological and functional outcomes on consideration to leave a clinical position among Canadian RTs during the COVID-19 pandemic...

INTRODUCTION: Airport firefighters are responsible for providing emergency responses to aviation incidents on a runway or in the vicinity of an airport, including airplane crashes, mass casualty events, emergency landings and many other concerns on airport grounds. While data exist on the occupational stressors of firefighters and public safety personnel in general, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the experiences of airport firefighters, particularly in relation to their organizational stressors, peer supports and attitudes toward mental health treatment...

INTRODUCTION: First responders and other public safety personnel (PSP; e.g. correctional workers, firefighters, paramedics, police, public safety communicators) are often exposed to events that have the potential to be psychologically traumatizing. Such exposures may contribute to poor mental health outcomes and a greater need to seek mental health care. However, a theoretically driven, structured qualitative study of barriers and facilitators of help-seeking behaviours has not yet been undertaken in this population...

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INTRODUCTION: We examined whether factors identified as associated with cannabis use at age 14 to 16 years are also associated with ever use at age 12. METHODS: Participants in the AdoQuest study (n = 1852) were recruited in 2005 from among Grade 5 students in 29 French-language elementary schools in Montréal, Canada. Self-report data were collected from participants in Grade 5 (spring 2005) and 6 (fall 2005 and spring 2006) and from parents/guardians in 2006/07...

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INTRODUCTION: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), for assessing behavioural and emotional difficulties, has been used internationally as a screening measure for mental health problems. Our objective was to validate the existing (British) SDQ cut-points in a sample of Canadian children and youth, and develop new Canadian SDQ cut-points if needed. METHODS: This study includes data from children and youth aged 6 to 17 years from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (n = 3435) and outpatient records from the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (n = 1075)...

INTRODUCTION: Despite the association between cannabis use and higher prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt, the effect of cannabis legalization and regulation in Canada on intentional self-harm has not been determined. METHODS: We used an interrupted time series of population-based rates of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for intentional self-harm per 100 000 in Ontario and Alberta from January/April 2010 to February 2020. Aggregate monthly counts of ED visits and hospitalizations for intentional self-harm (ICD-10 codes X60-X84, R45...

INTRODUCTION: Since 2004, the Children's Oral Health Initiative (COHI) has been working in many First Nations and Inuit communities in Canada to address oral health disparities, specifically early childhood caries (ECC). The COHI community-based approach improves early childhood oral health (ECOH) by balancing prevention with minimally invasive dentistry. The goal is to reduce the burden of oral disease, mainly by minimizing the need for surgery. We investigated program success in First Nations communities in the province of Manitoba, from the perspective of COHI staff...

News media are an underused source of localized information on complex and structural public health issues that are neglected in policy and unaccounted for in mainstream data collection. We applied systematic review search methods to online news media and developed a dataset highlighting municipal reactions and initiatives in response to public washroom pressures during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reliance on consumer-based models of washroom access "became news" amid the closures and lockdowns...

INTRODUCTION: There is evidence that some frontline and essential workers have increased their alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, this has not been examined in Canada. METHODS: Using the Survey on COVID-19 and Mental Health 2020, weighted prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of self-reported increased alcohol consumption and heavy episodic drinking were calculated for each of the population groups: frontline workers, essential workers, and nonfrontline or essential workers (NFEW)...

INTRODUCTION: In Canada, people experiencing socioeconomic inequities have higher rates of late diagnosis and lower survival rates than the general population. Palliative care services focussed on this population are scarce. We developed a community-based nursing intervention to improve access to palliative care for people experiencing socioeconomic inequities and living with life-limiting illnesses in an urban Canadian setting. METHODS: This community-based, qualitative research study combined critical and participatory research methodologies...

INTRODUCTION: Anti-Black racism is a social determinant of health that has significantly impacted Black children and families. Limited research has examined anti-Black racism during the early years-a critical period of development. In this study, we sought to understand the manifestations of anti-Black racism in early childhood and explore its impact on Black children and families. METHODS: This qualitative research project was informed by critical race theory, Black Critical Theory and interpretive description...

INTRODUCTION: The broaden and build theory of positive emotions maintains that positive emotions serve to broaden individuals' thoughts and behaviours, resulting in the accrual of resources (e.g. resilience) that catalyze upward spirals of well-being. However, there is a relative dearth of research examining the upward spiral hypothesis in the context of adolescence. METHODS: Adolescents (n = 4064) in participating Canadian high schools were surveyed annually for three years as part of the COMPASS study...

As Canada begins to recover and learn from the COVID-19 pandemic, health equity and public health policies must be a central tenet of reform. Recent work has begun to provide guidance on an equitable pandemic recovery in Canada, which highlights many important groups that require specific consideration in recovery policies.1 There is a key omission in many of these guidelines and, in fact, most health equity efforts-people with disabilities.

INTRODUCTION: People who use substances may access hospital services for treatment of infections and injuries, substance use disorder, mental health issues and other reasons. Our aim was to identify the experiences, issues and recommendations of people who use methamphetamine and have accessed hospital services. METHODS: Of the 114 people with lived and living experience of methamphetamine use recruited for a mixed-methods study conducted in southwestern Ontario, Canada, 104 completed the qualitative component...

INTRODUCTION: Cycling increased in popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the impact on cycling injuries is not known. We examined the effect of lockdowns on cycling injury hospitalizations. METHODS: We identified hospitalizations for cycling injuries in Quebec, Canada, between April 2006 and March 2021. We used rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare hospitalization rates by type of cycling injury and anatomical site during two waves of the pandemic...

INTRODUCTION: School-based health-promoting interventions (HPIs) foster adolescent health and well-being. Access to HPIs may differ by the socioeconomic advantage of students at each school (school deprivation). We assessed the importance of health issues and availability of HPIs and extracurricular activities by school deprivation in high schools in Quebec, Canada. METHODS: In 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19, we interviewed school principals or a designee in 48 public high schools classified as disadvantaged (33%) or advantaged (67%)...