Sleep Science

Objective  To analyze the impact of sleep quality/duration on cardiac autonomic modulation on physically active adolescents with obesity. Materials and Methods  The present cross-sectional study included 1,150 boys with a mean age of 16.6 ± 1.2 years. The assessment of cardiac functions included the frequency domain of heart rate variability (HRV; low frequency - LF; high frequency - HF; and the ratio between these bands -LF/HF -, defined as the sympathovagal balance), and each parameter was categorized as low / high ...

Objective  To verify if maxillomandibular retrusion, obesity, and increased neck circumference are factors of worse surgical prognosis for lateral pharyngoplasty in apneic patients. Materials and Methods  We evaluated 53 patients with obstructive sleep apnea who underwent lateral pharyngoplasty. Clinical evaluation was performed before the surgical procedure and included the measurement of body mass index (BMI) in kg/m 2 , neck circumference in centimeters, and a clinical evaluation of the facial profile obtained through the natural position of the oriented head...

Participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games demanded great efforts and had become extremely challenging compared with previous competitions. In addition to the physical performance of each modality, athletes had to deal with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and jet lag. The present manuscript pointed out negative factors that encompass the COVID-19 pandemic and the features brought out by the jet lag experienced by the athletes of this last Olympics. The influences of the pandemic and the procedures adopted to reduce transmission risk of the virus may have amplified the weight of jet lag for the athletes of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, even more considering the occurrence of this event in the far east of the globe...

Introduction  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined as intermittent partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep. It is a common condition in childhood, with an incidence ranging from 1.2% to 5.7%, and it can harm several aspects of children's life, such as cognitive, metabolic and cardiovascular functions, among others. There are treatment options, such as adenotonsillectomy, myofunctional therapy, mandibular advancement appliances (MAAs), rapid maxillary expansion, and positive airway pressure devices, but there is still doubt about which method is more suitable for the treatment of OSA in children...

Objective  Individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) are at a high risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Hypothetically, the severity of OSA might be associated with the morphology of the upper airway (UAW) and the characteristics of the airflow. Thus, the present study aimed to assess and compare, in adults with CLP and skeletal class-III discrepancy, with or without OSA, simulations of airflow resistance and pressure according to the geometrical characteristics of the UAW and cephalometric parameters...

Introduction  Chronic nightmares are a common and disabling feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for which broadly effective treatments are still lacking. While imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) demonstrates benefits for patients with idiopathic nightmares and some patients with PTSD-related nightmares, research indicates it may be less beneficial for veterans. Narrative therapy (NT) is a form of psychotherapy which is client-centered and value-focused and has demonstrated benefits for PTSD patients...

Objective  When metacognition arises during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, people experience lucid dreaming (LD). Studies on this phenomenon face different obstacles. For example, its standard verification protocol requires at least three types of sensors. We hypothesized that preagreed frontalis movements (PAFMs), as a sign of lucidity, could be seen on electroencephalography (EEG) during REM sleep. In this case, only one EEG sensor would be needed to verify LD. Method  Under laboratory observation, five volunteers were instructed to induce LD, during which they needed to use the standard verification protocol with pre-agreed eye movements (PAEMs) and then immediately raise their eyebrows three times as a PAFM...

Objective  To evaluate the clinical utility of the Baveno classification in predicting incident cardiovascular mortality after five years of follow-up in a clinic-based cohort of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods  We evaluated the reproducibility of the Baveno classification using data from the Santiago Obstructive Sleep Apnea (SantOSA) study. The groups were labeled Baveno A (minor symptoms and comorbidities), B (severe symptoms and minor comorbidities), C (minor symptoms and severe comorbidities), and D (severe symptoms and comorbidities)...

Objective  Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the first-line treatment for insomnia, but half of the patients do not reach remission. This study aimed to explore subjective remission by investigating the characteristics of patients who reported lingering sleep problems after CBT-I. Methods  Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial of group CBT-I in 72 primary care patients with insomnia disorder. Sociodemographic characteristics and outcomes (insomnia severity, sleep variables, hypnotics use, fatigue, depressive symptoms, and dysfunctional beliefs/attitudes), including baseline data and symptom change, were investigated in relation to patients' posttreatment response to the yes-or-no question "Would you say that you have sleep problems?" Results  A total of 56...

Introduction  This consensus aimed to develop a structured document presenting the role of sleep-focused Speech-Language-Hearing (SPH) Sciences (SPHS). The recommendations were based on the expertise of specialists and on evidence in the literature, aiming to guide the coverage of this area and the consequent improvement in the quality of the professionals' approach. Methods  A Delphi method was conducted with 49 SLH pathologists (SLHP), four sleep physicians, one dentist, one physical therapist, and one methodologist...

Chronic insomnia disorder (simplified in this document as insomnia) is an increasingly common clinical condition in society and a frequent complaint at the offices of different areas of health practice (particularly Medicine and Psychology). This scenario has been accompanied by a significant evolution in treatment, as well as challenges in approaching patients in an appropriately way. This clinical guideline, coordinated by the Brazilian Sleep Association and the Brazilian Association of Sleep Medicine and counting on the active participation of various specialists in the area, encompasses an update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia in adults...

The aim of the present study was to examine the association regarding sleep bruxism (SB), depression, and stress in Brazilian university students. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a large-sample of university students ( n  = 2,089) in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to classrooms to evaluate socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Possible SB was detected by self-report according to the International Consensus on The Assessment of Bruxism Criteria (2018)...

Introduction  Sleep Bruxism (SB) is a common condition in childhood that can cause multiple consequences such as abnormal tooth wear, tensional headaches, masticatory muscle pain, or fatigue. The literature reports some interventions, however the treatment for SB in children is not well-established. Objectives  A systematic review was performed to investigate the effectiveness of the treatments described for SB in children and adolescents: pharmacological and psychological treatments; behavioral guidelines; and dental approaches...

Objective  To evaluate the differences in subjective sleep quality, quantity, and behaviors among male and female elite rugby union athletes through two common sleep questionnaires. Materials and Methods  A sample of 38 male and 27 female elite rugby union athletes filled out the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Global scores and individual items for each questionnaire were compared to assess differences between sexes. Results  Male athletes reported significantly longer sleep duration (7 h 50 m ± 50 m versus 7h 12 m ± 58 m respectively; p ≤ 0...

Working a shift work schedule has been hypothesized to have negative effects on health. One such described consequence is altered immune response and increased risk of infections. Former reviews have concluded that more knowledge is needed to determine how shift work affects the immune system. Since the last review focusing on this subject was published in 2016, new insight has emerged. We performed a search of the topic in PubMed, Scopus and Embase, identifying papers published after 2016, finding a total of 13 new studies...

Objective  Nocturnal animals forage and eat during the night and sleep during the day. When food is available only for a short period during the day, animals develop a catabolic state and exhibit locomotor behavior before accessing food, termed food anticipatory activity . Consequently, there is a disruption in the sleep pattern. The present study aimed to explore how anticipatory arousal emerges under circadian exposure to a palatable meal (PM) and disrupts sleep architecture. Materials and Methods  Adult male Wistar rats were implanted with electrodes for continuous sleep recording and housed under a light/dark 12/12-hour cycle with free access to food and water...

Objectives  The aim of the present study was to investigate the improvements of gas exchange and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) in daytime and night-time split polysomnography (DSPSG and NSPSG). Materials and Methods  In the present randomized controlled trial, patients with OHS were enrolled in two DSPSG (51 patients) and NSPSG (50 patients) groups in the Bamdad respiratory and sleep research center in Isfahan, Iran. In both groups, the diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and titration were conducted in one session according to the guidelines of NSPSG...

Introduction  Unattended Polysomnography (type 2 PSG) is a procedure for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Published evidence on its performance and efficacy is limited. Available studies reveal a high rate of lost records that could limit its application. Objective  To assess the efficacy of type 2 PSG and the rate of studies that must be repeated due to critical loss of signals. Methods  prospective, descriptive study. Adult patients with suspected SDB were included. Unattended PSG was performed using portable equipment...

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a protein expressed in the central and peripherical nervous systems of the vertebrate. The Ngb has different functions in neurons, including regulating O 2 homeostasis, oxidative stress, and as a neuroprotector after ischemia/hypoxia events. The Ngb is a hemoprotein of the globin family, structurally like myoglobin and hemoglobin. Ngb has higher expression in the cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum in mammals. Interestingly, Ngb immunoreactivity oscillates according to the sleep-wake cycle and decreases after 24 hours of sleep deprivation, suggesting that sleep homeostasis regulates Ngb expression...

Objective  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by recurrent pharyngeal obstruction during sleep, in which upper airway anatomy plays a key role in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to describe whether the quantification of cervical fat tissue volume (CFTV) obtained by Computed Tomography (CT)cephalometry is related to the severity of OSA. Methods  Retrospective study between 2018 and 2020 in those patients > 18 years old, with diagnosis of OSA who performed a volumetric cephalometric imaging...