Annals of Neurosciences

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has brought many hurdles, and people have had to adjust to new ways. The online class was one such adjustment. Students in health science and engineering streams have more practical learning than theory. The online classes halted the normal teaching-learning processes and brought in unique set of difficulties which was a challenge to both the teacher and the student. PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to understand the effect of online learning on achievement motivation among health sciences and engineering students during the COVID-19 pandemic and to find out if there is a significant difference across gender, age, type of internet connectivity, and rural/urban areas...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a life-shortening disease. The standardized mortality ratio has been higher than that of the general population, and it has doubled what it was 3-4 decades ago. This rise is mostly attributed to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with high second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) use. Evidence from the first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) era shows a lower prevalence of hypertension (HTN) but data regarding SGAs is scarce. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of HTN and related factors using standardized methodology in patients with schizophrenia on treatment with SGAs...

BACKGROUND: Ischemic stroke is one of the prevalent neurodegenerative disorders; it is generally characterized by sudden abruption of blood flow due to thromboembolism and vascular abnormalities, eventually impairing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain for its metabolic needs. Oxygen-glucose deprived conditions provoke the release of excessive glutamate, which causes excitotoxicity. SUMMARY: Recent studies suggest that circulatory angiotensin-II (Ang-II) has an imperative role in initiating detrimental events through binding central angiotensin 1 (AT1) receptors...

BACKGROUND: Lymphomatosis cerebri (LC) is a rare manifestation of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) with only a few cases reported in the literature, appearing as diffuse infiltrating process rather than a solitary mass. It is a non-Hodgkin's type of lymphoma and is usually of the B-cell type origin. PURPOSE: We intend to report this unique case of LC which came across as a diagnostic challenge. METHODS: A 53-year-old gentleman presented with complaints of two episodes of seizures 24 h apart followed by postictal confusion for 10-15 min...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Internet is an integral part of the daily life of everyone. Internet addiction (IA) is one of the major concerns, specifically among young adults. The association between IA, depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being (PWB) is least studied in young adults. PURPOSE: To evaluate IA and its association with psychological morbidity and PWB in a larger sample size. In addition, to examine the factors that are associated with IA. METHODS: A total of 1287 young students were evaluated in the present study...

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder with a significant global impact, affecting approximately 50 million individuals, and projections estimate that up to 152 million people will be affected by 2050. AD is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, leading to cognitive decline. SUMMARY: Recent research on AD has made significant strides, including the development of an "amyloid clock" biomarker that tracks AD progression through positron emission tomography (PET) scans...

BACKGROUND: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain and is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Doxorubcin (DOX) or adriamycin is one of the most potent chemotherapy drugs for breast cancer. PURPOSE: This study focused on diminishing the brain injury and neurotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) by GABA administration. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into four groups (8 rats each), which were the control group, DOX group (3 mg/kg for 4 weeks, then 2 mg/kg for 2 weeks), GABA group (2 mg/kg for 21 days), and DOX + GABA group (treated as the second and third groups)...

BACKGROUND: Headache is an extremely common symptom of the general outpatient department and also the headache clinic, with prevalence of 48.9% in the general population. None has ever experienced headache in life time. Headache is seen in 1 patient out of 10 general practitioner (GP) consultations, 1 referral out of 3 is headache in neurology OPD, and 1 in 5 of all emergency medical admissions. Of all headaches, around 98% constitute primary headache: migraine without aura, tension headache, and cluster headache...

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects approximately 50-70 million people worldwide. Epilepsy has a significant economic and social burden on patients as well as on the country. The recurrent, spontaneous seizure activity caused by abnormal neuronal firing in the brain is a hallmark of epilepsy. The current antiepileptic drugs provide symptomatic relief by restoring the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Besides, about 30% of epileptic patients do not achieve seizure control...

BACKGROUND: Yoga originated in the territory of modern India more than 3,000 years ago uses techniques for working with the musculoskeletal system, cardiorespiratory system, and attention. Currently, the effectiveness and safety of yoga in patients with various neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), is of interest to many scientists and clinicians. PURPOSE: The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of yoga on symptoms and quality of life in patients with MS vs physical therapy (exercise therapy) and no exercise...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Stress can affect the morphology and synaptic organization of the telencephalon. These structural changes at the cellular level can lead to the development of various psychopathologies. PURPOSE: Given that the telencephalon plays a major role in stress responses, the current study aimed to investigate the role of Spirulina platensis as a neuroprotectant supplement in the early life of zebrafish in averting the alteration of synapse morphology in the telencephalon caused by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in the later stage...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Segmentation and morphometric measurement of brain tissue and regions from non-invasive magnetic resonance images have clinical and research applications. Several software tools and models have been developed by different research groups which are increasingly used for segmentation and morphometric measurements. Variability in results has been observed in the imaging data processed with different neuroimaging pipelines which have increased the focus on standardization. PURPOSE: The availability of several tools and models for brain morphometry poses challenges as an analysis done on the same set of data using different sets of tools and pipelines may result in different results and interpretations and there is a need for understanding the reliability and accuracy of such models...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is considered frequent, unnecessary thoughts that lead to repetitive actions to lessen the apprehension provoked by thoughts; this repetitive sequence may further influence trouble in one's daily activities. The remedial procedure for OCD includes medication (such as SSRIs, anxiolytics, and antidepressants) with psychotherapy [such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure response prevention (ERP)]. Previous investigations indicated that regardless of the trend of adopting CBT and ERP to treat OCD, only around half of the patients experienced a full reduction in symptoms...