Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify changes in the prevalence of obesity and related diseases among children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: This study was conducted using data from the 2016-2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included 3861 children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. The prevalences of obesity and disease were adjusted for age, sex, and income. We also analyzed the socioeconomic, nutritional, and physical activity items of the survey...

PURPOSE: Three-month gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) are expected to achieve better compliance in patients with central precocious puberty (CPP). However, 1-month depot remains the dominant choice for conventional treatment worldwide. Our study aimed to investigate the long-term efficacy of a 3-month GnRHa for CPP treatment. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 69 Korean girls with CPP were prescribed with either triptorelin pamoate (TP) 3-month depot (n = 29) or triptorelin acetate (TA) 1-month depot (n = 40) and were followed up for 1 year after the end of treatment...

Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia (IKH ) is defined as bouts of hypoglycemia with increased blood or urine ketones that occur in certain children after prolonged fasting or during illness .IKH is divided into physiological IKH which most frequently observed in normal children with inter current acute illness and pathological IKH which are seen in children who lack counter-regulatory hormones or in children with some metabolic disease or Silver-Russell syndrome .The typical patient is a young child between the ages of 10 months and 6 years...

Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune disorder with clinical manifestations including lid retraction, proptosis, decreased visual acuity, and strabismus, and an incidence rate of 0.79 to 6.5 cases per 100,000 children. While reports are rare, the symptoms of thyroid eye disease in children have been found to be similar to those in adults, although typically milder. A 17-year-old girl presented with diplopia and hypoesthesia of the left forehead. Other clinical symptoms included mildly reduced visual acuity, restricted ocular movement, ptosis, and lid edema of the left eye...

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare syndrome characterized by elevated serum free iodothyronines levels and non-suppressed thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH). The most common cause of RTH is heterozygous pathogenic mutations in thyroid hormone receptor β gene (THRB). Because of the similarities in biochemical profiles, differential diagnosis between RTHβ and TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) is important, and accurate RTHβ diagnosis is essential to prevent inappropriate treatment...

PURPOSE: Patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) are at a high risk of entering adulthood with disease-related morbidities such as reduced bone mass and osteoporosis. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of JSLE and to analyze the factors associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in these patients. METHODS: Children and adolescents diagnosed with JSLE at a single hospital in Korea were included. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and use of glucocorticoids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were collected...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP) is a rare form of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty that is caused by an activating mutation of the LHCGR gene. Herein, we report a case of FMPP with a mutation of the LHCGR gene in a Korean boy with familial history of precocious puberty through 3 generations. A 16-month-old boy presented with signs of precocious puberty, including pubic hair, acne, and increased growth velocity. The patient's grandfather and father had a history of precocious puberty and profound short stature...

PURPOSE: Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase (21-OHD) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder that is characterized by adrenal insufficiency and androgen excess. This study was performed to investigate the clinical utility of prenatal diagnosis of 21-OHD using molecular genetic testing in families at risk. METHODS: This study included 27 pregnant women who had previously borne a child with 21-OHD. Fetal tissues were obtained using chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis...

PURPOSE: Nonambulatory pediatric patients may have low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of pathologic fractures. Though bisphosphonate therapy is the mainstream medical intervention in these children, clinical data regarding this treatment are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of bisphosphonate therapy in such children. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 21 nonambulatory children (Gross Motor Function Classification System level V) with BMD z-score ≤ -2...

PURPOSE: We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the genetic causes of suspected genetic short stature in 37 patients, and we describe their phenotypes and various genetic spectra. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 50 patients who underwent genetic testing using NGS for suspected genetic short stature from June 2019 to December 2022. Patients with short stature caused by nongenetic factors or common chromosomal abnormalities were excluded...

PURPOSE: The impacts of growth restriction and programming in the fetal stage on metabolic and bone health in children and adolescents are poorly understood. Moreover, there is insufficient evidence for the relationship between current growth status and metabolic components. Herein, we compared the growth status, metabolic and body compositions, and bone mineral density in Korean children and adolescents based on birth weight at gestational age. METHODS: We studied 1,748 subjects (272 small for gestational age [SGA], 1,286 appropriate for gestational age [AGA], and 190 large for gestational age [LGA]; 931 men and 817 women) aged 10-18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V (2010-2011)...

PURPOSE: We prospectively evaluated the association of the insulin resistance of third-trimester Nigerian pregnant women with their newborn infants' insulin resistance and birth size. Pregnancy-associated insulin resistance (IR), often assessed with homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), is associated, especially among women with gestational diabetes (GDM), with abnormal neonatal birth size and body composition, predisposing the baby to metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity...

Pediatric osteoporosis (PO) is a condition that is currently gaining recognition. Due to the lack of official definitions over the past few decades, the exact incidence of PO is unknown. The research does not provide a specific prevalence of PO in different world regions. However, this is expected to change with the latest 2019 guidelines proposed by the International Society of Clinical Densitometry. Although adult osteoporosis (AO) has been postulated a pediatric disease because its manifestation in adulthood is a result of the bone mass acquired during childhood, differences between PO and AO should be acknowledged...

The Kabi International Growth Study (KIGS) was first established in 1987 and is the largest pharmaco-epidemiological study of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). KIGS is aimed at evaluating long-term safety and treatment outcomes in pediatric subjects who received Genotropin rhGH therapy (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) as prescribed by physicians in real-world clinical practice settings. KIGS data have been used to answer multiple research questions related to growth, growth prediction, and growth hormone treatment, leading to the publication of 129 peer-reviewed manuscripts and 24 biannual reports, outcomes from 10 expert meetings, and 3 books...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

PURPOSE: As the survival rate for pediatric cancers increases significantly with advances in treatment modalities, long-term endocrine complications have also risen. This study investigated the frequencies and risks of endocrine sequelae of childhood cancer survivors after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS: This study included 200 pediatric patients who underwent HSCT. Clinical and endocrinological findings were collected retrospectively. Median follow-up duration after HSCT was 14 years...

PURPOSE: Bone age is needed to assess developmental status and growth disorders. We aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of a deep learning-based bone age software on the chronological age of healthy Korean children. METHODS: This retrospective study included 371 healthy children (217 boys, 154 girls), aged between 4 and 17 years, who visited the department of Pediatrics for health check-ups between January 2017 and December 2018. A total of 553 left-hand radiographs of 371 healthy Korean children were evaluated using a commercial deep learning-based bone age software (BoneAge, Vuno, Seoul, Korea)...

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease affecting lipoprotein metabolism. FCS is estimated to occur in 1 in 1 - 2 million individuals [1], and can be diagnosed at any age, affecting all genders, races, and ethnicities equally [2]. The condition is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, which may predispose patients to acute pancreatitis. Here, we presented the case of a now 6-year-old girl with FCS on Gemfibrozil and dietary restrictions. The patient initially presented at 40 days of age with bloody diarrhea...

PURPOSE: Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been evaluated in children with type-2 diabetes (T2DM), Type-1 diabetes (T1DM) and several other non-diabetic conditions. Potential tolerability issues have been preventing us from routinely using SGLT2i in children with diabetes. No meta-analysis till date has evaluated the safety and tolerability of SGLT2i in children. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to address this knowledge-gap. METHODS: Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case-control and cohort studies involving children receiving SGLT2i in intervention-arm...