Nephro-urology Monthly

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. The eventual outcome of CKD is end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Early diagnosis and proper management play an important role in preventing CKD progression to ESRD. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are the only treatment options available for patients suffering from ESRD. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the etiological role of recipient and donor characteristics on serum creatinine changes within the follow-up period, graft failure risk, and the impact of longitudinal serum creatinine levels on graft survival after renal transplantation...

BACKGROUND: Hemoglobin levels measured after hemodialysis, as compared to hemoglobin levels measured before hemodialysis, are suggested to be a more accurate reflection of the hemoglobin levels between hemodialysis sessions, and to be a better reference point for adjusting erythropoietin dosing. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the hemoglobin levels before and after hemodialysis, to calculate the required erythropoietin doses based on these levels, and to develop a model to predict effective erythropoietin dosing...

BACKGROUND: Increased rates of addiction and its broad societal complications are well known. One of the most important systems that may malfunction in drug abusers is the reproductive system, and evaluating patients for this potential risk may lead to increased awareness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty 60-day-old male rats were divided into control and target groups. The target group underwent 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of morphine twice a day while the control group underwent normal saline injections (at the same dosage)...

BACKGROUND: Chronic renal failure (CRF) causes a gradual decline in kidney function to the extent that CRF patients need long-term clinical care, which affects the patients' family function and quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to study the effects of the family-centered empowerment model on QoL in children with CRF during 2012-2013. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, 68 children with CRF and their parents were randomly assigned to two groups, intervention and control, via a random numbers table...

INTRODUCTION: Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) belongs to a family of neoplasms that are presumed to originate from the neuroectodermal crest. PNET/EWSs are highly aggressive malignancies that usually present in the form of bone or soft tissue masses and usually affect adolescents and young adults. Primary PNET/EWS of the kidney is very rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 32-year-old female patient with primary renal PNET/EWS diagnosed nine years and eight months earlier...

BACKGROUND: Childhood hypertension has been associated with target-organ damage in young adults. It is often asymptomatic in both children and adolescents; when persistent, and long-standing, it could be a significant risk factor for kidney damage and increased glomerular permeability. OBJECTIVES: Burden of hypertension and its impact on glomerular permeability were prospectively determined in randomly recruited primary school children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Blood pressure (BP) measurement was performed by the auscultation method, and abnormal glomerular permeability was assessed by dipstick testing of urine for persistent proteinuria and/or hematuria for ≥ three months in hypertensive children...

BACKGROUND: Prostate traction is one way to control post-prostatectomy bleeding. The most popular method involves traction with a catheter fixed to the thigh with adhesive bands. However, this method has its own drawbacks. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to simplify this traction procedure and to overcome its disadvantages. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2007 - 2015, a new method was used to control post-prostatectomy bleeding in 152 patients. This technique involved inducing pressure on the prostate neck with an indwelling catheter attached to a partially filled urine bag to control bleeding after a prostatectomy...

BACKGROUND: Opioids are generally the preferred analgesic agents during the early postoperative period. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess and compare the multimodal analgesic effects of ketamine and tramadol in combination with intravenous acetaminophen after renal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial was conducted on 80 consecutive patients undergoing various types of kidney surgeries in Sina hospital in Tehran in 2014 - 2016...

CONTEXT: Nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting is the most common type of urinary incontinence in children. It has significant psychological effects on both the child and the family. Enuresis nocturna is defined as the inability to hold urine during the night in children who have completed toilet training. It is termed as being "primary" if no continence has ever been achieved or "secondary if it follows at least 6 months of dry nights. The aim of this review was to assemble the pathophysiological background and general information about nocturnal enuresis...

BACKGROUND: Most disorders of the lower urinary tract are functional, so diagnoses are typically based on urodynamic findings. Treatment is likely to fail if the pathology is not correctly diagnosed. OBJECTIVES: There are various diagnostic tests for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In this study, we evaluated the value of urodynamic testing to diagnose the causes of lower urinary symptoms in male patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Urodynamic tests were performed in 407 patients referred to the urology clinic in Baqiyatallah in 2014 with complaints of LUTS, and the diagnosis was based on the findings of the tests...

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy among men worldwide and the sixth cause of cancer-related death. Some authors have reported a relationship between perineural invasion (PNI), Gleason score, and the invasion of peripheral organs during prostatectomy. However, it is not yet clear whether pathological evidence of PNI is necessary for risk stratification in selecting treatment type. OBJECTIVES: The clinical and pathological stages of prostate cancer are compared in patients under radical prostatectomy and in patients without perineural invasion...

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients are potentially susceptible to infection with blood-borne viral agents, especially hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections in hemodialysis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was carried out in 482 hemodialysis patients who had been referred to eight dialysis centers in the Mazandaran province in Iran from 2012 - 2014...

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as either kidney damage or a decline in renal function as determined by a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for three months or longer. CKD is an important risk factor for mortality. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CKD on renal-hepatic functional indices and blood pressure in 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6 Nx) rats over the course of nine months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to either 5/6 Nx or sham operations (n = 8)...

Sarcopenia and physical inactivity synergistically progress in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are strong predictors of mortality in this population. Exercise training and essential amino acids and vitamin D supplements may contribute to improving sarcopenia and physical inactivity in CKD patients.

Double-J (DJ) stents are the main tools used in urological practice for prevention and treatment of obstruction. Stenting is also mandatory after complicated ureteroscopy or TUL (Transureteral Lithotripsy). Known complications are upper migration of DJ stents into the kidney and lower migration to the bladder. In a man with an impacted right lower ureteral stone, a DJ stent was placed because the ureteroscope was not passed from an intramural ureter. We reported a very rare complication of DJ ureteral stent placement with intravascular migration to the pulmonary arteries, which was removed percutaneously through the right femoral vein under fluoroscopic guidance...

BACKGROUND: High incidence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCS) and arrhythmia during and soon after dialysis have been demonstrated by Holter monitoring. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effects of dialysis and renal transplantation on Tpe, Tpec (corrected Tpe), QTc (corrected QT), QTd (QT dispersion), and Tpe/QT parameters as known factors in arrhythmogenicity, and also the correlation between electrolyte and arterial blood gas changing within these parameters will be assessed...

BACKGROUND: One of the most prevalent problems in hemodialysis patients is sleep disturbance. Poor sleep quality has unpleasant bio-psycho-social outcomes. The positive effects of implementing the continuous care model (CCM) were verified with different variables, including sleep quality. This study was done with different populations, using two groups. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the sleep quality of hemodialysis patients in the city of Ilam and determine the effects of CCM on sleep quality...

BACKGROUND: Renal transplantation is the ideal method for management of end-stage renal disease. The use of living donors for renal transplantation was critical for early development in the field and preceded the use of cadaveric donors. Most donors are related genetically to the recipients, like a parent, a child, or a sibling of the recipient, but there are an increasing percentage of cases where donors are genetically unrelated like spouses, friends, or altruistic individuals. Donor shortages constitute the major barrier for kidney transplantation, and much effort has been made to increase the supply of living donors...

BACKGROUND: Many methods have been used for preventing and reducing recurrences of bladder cancers. In recent years, some investigators have examined the use of metformin for this purpose. First lines of evidence have shown that metformin inhibits cancer cell growth and prevents cancer occurrence in patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to assess metformin usage in the prevention of bladder cancer recurrence after the trans-urethral resection of a bladder tumor (TUR-T)...

BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of the most important complications of angiography in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or diabetes mellitus. The prevention of CIN can decrease therapeutic costs and hospital stays. There is controversy in the literature over the preventive effect of statins on CIN. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the preventive effect of atorvastatin on CIN after angiography in CKD and diabetic patients...