Yingjing Xia, Vida Rebello, Stefanie C Bodison, Deborah Jonker, Babette Steigelmann, Kirsten A Donald, Weslin Charles, Dan J Stein, Jonathan Ipser, Hedyeh Ahmadi, Eric Kan, Elizabeth R Sowell, Katherine L Narr, Shantanu H Joshi, Hein J Odendaal, Kristina A Uban
BACKGROUND: Alcohol and tobacco are known teratogens. Historically, more severe prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) have been examined as the principal predictor of neurodevelopmental alterations, with little incorporation of lower doses or ecological contextual factors that can also impact neurodevelopment, such as socioeconomic resources (SER) or adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Here, a novel analytical approach informed by a socio-ecological perspective was used to examine the associations between SER, PAE and/or PTE, and ACEs, and their effects on neurodevelopment...
2023: Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience