Emmanuel Mignot, Jamie Zeitzer, Fabio Pizza, Giuseppe Plazzi
Since its description in the 19th century, narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) has been considered as a model sleep disorder, and after the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep onset in the disorder, a gateway to understanding REM sleep. The discovery that NT1 is caused by hypocretin/orexin deficiency, together with neurochemical studies of this system, has helped to establish how this neuropeptide regulates the organization of sleep and wake in humans. Current analyses suggest that the main functions of the hypocretin/orexin system are (1) maintenance of wakefulness in the face of moderate sleep deprivation; (2) passive wake promotion, especially in the evening, driven by the circadian clock; (3) inhibition of REM sleep, with possible differential modulating effects on various subcomponents of the sleep-stage, explaining REM sleep dissociation events in NT1...
2021: Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience