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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Luqing Cui, Ruicheng Yang, Dong Huo, Liang Li, Xinyi Qu, Jundan Wang, Xinyi Wang, Hulin Liu, Huanchun Chen, Xiangru Wang
Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae ) represents a major human bacterial pathogen leading to high morbidity and mortality in children and the elderly. Recent research emphasizes the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bacterial pathogenicity. However, the contribution of S. pneumoniae EVs (pEVs) to host-microbe interactions has remained unclear. Here, we observed that S. pneumoniae infections in mice led to severe lung injuries and alveolar epithelial barrier (AEB) dysfunction. Infections of S. pneumoniae reduced the protein expression of tight junction protein OCLN (occludin) and activated macroautophagy/autophagy in lung tissues of mice and A549 cells...
March 18, 2024: Autophagy
#22
REVIEW
Christian Pangilinan, Daniel J Klionsky, Chengyu Liang
Macroautophagy/autophagy has previously been regarded as simply a way for cells to deal with nutrient emergency. But explosive work in the last 15 years has given increasingly new knowledge to our understanding of this process. Many of the functions of autophagy that are unveiled from recent studies, however, cannot be reconciled with this conventional view of cell survival but, instead, point to autophagy being integrally involved at a deeper level of cell biology, playing a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and promoting an integrated stress/immune response...
March 18, 2024: Autophagy
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tomoki Kuwahara, Takeshi Iwatsubo
Conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM) at endolysosomal compartments has attracted attention as the non-autophagic function of the Atg8-family protein conjugation system, and the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis has emerged as a core mechanism. Our recent research has revealed that this mechanism contributes to the lysosomal recruitment and activation of LRRK2, a Parkinson disease-associated kinase that phosphorylates a subset of RAB GTPases. The activated LRRK2 under CASM-causing lysosomal stress acts to regulate lysosomal morphology and stimulate extracellular secretion of lysosomal contents, thereby promoting the lysosomal stress response...
March 18, 2024: Autophagy
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yang Shi, Kuninori Suzuki
Macroautophagy/autophagy is the process by which cells degrade their cytoplasmic proteins or organelles in vacuoles to maintain cellular homeostasis under severe environmental conditions. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , autophagy-related (Atg) proteins essential for autophagosome formation accumulate near the vacuole to form the dot-shaped phagophore assembly site/pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS). The PAS then generates the phagophore/isolation membrane (PG), which expands to become a closed double-membrane autophagosome...
March 13, 2024: Autophagy
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Zhen Yuan, Binbin Ding
ATG14 is a core subunit of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PtdIns3K-C1) for macroautophagy/autophagy initiation and also binds to the STX17 to promote autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Our recent work found that ATG14 also targets lipid droplets (LDs) and interacts with mammalian Atg8-family proteins (ATG8s) to mediate lipophagy (selective autophagic degradation of lipid droplets). We also demonstrated that STX18 (syntaxin 18) acts as a negative regulator that disrupts the interactions of ATG14-ATG8s and the formation of the PtdIns3K-C1 through binding to ATG14...
March 13, 2024: Autophagy
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sheng Li, Bo-Wen Zhang, Qian-Qian Lou, Yue Liu, Zi-Juan Wei, Jing Huang, Kun-Hou Yao, Qian-Ru Xu, Juan Fan, Yan Xi, Lu Yang, Su Chen
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), with abilities of infinite proliferation (self-renewal) and to differentiate into distinct cell types (pluripotency), show attenuated inflammatory response against cytokines or pathogens, which is recognized as a unique characteristic of ESCs compared with somatic cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, and whether the attenuated inflammatory state is involved in ESC differentiation is completely unknown. Our recent study demonstrated that macroautophagy/autophagy-related protein ATG5 inhibits the inflammatory response of mouse ESCs (MmESCs) by promoting the degradation of BTRC/β-TrCP1 and further the downregulation of NFKB/NF-κB signaling...
March 13, 2024: Autophagy
#27
EDITORIAL
Zhangyuan Yin, Daniel J Klionsky
The selective clearance of unwanted, damaged or dangerous components by macroautophagy/autophagy is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis in organisms from yeast to humans. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding how phagophores selectively sequester specific cargo. Nevertheless, a fundamental question remains: Can distinct selective autophagy programs simultaneously operate within the same cell? A recent study from the Baehrecke lab has unveiled a developmentally programmed Pink1-dependent reticulophagy process in the Drosophila intestine...
March 8, 2024: Autophagy
#28
EDITORIAL
Yuxiang Huang, Daniel J Klionsky
Golgiphagy is a selective form of macroautophagy, characterized by the targeted degradation of Golgi compartments through specific receptors. In two recent studies, the YIPF3-YIPF4 heterodimer has been independently identified as the first Golgiphagy receptor within mammalian cells. This heterodimeric complex exhibits a direct affinity for mammalian Atg8-family proteins (ATG8s), thereby facilitating the expansion of phagophores in proximity to Golgi regions. Notably, the interaction between YIPF3-YIPF4 heterodimers and ATG8s undergoes regulatory modulation through phosphorylation...
March 8, 2024: Autophagy
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Athanasios Kournoutis, Trond Lamark, Terje Johansen, Yakubu Princely Abudu
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation process composed of both selective and nonselective degradation pathways. The latter occurs upon nutrient depletion. Selective autophagy exerts quality control of damaged organelles and macromolecules and is going on also under nutrient-replete conditions. Proper regulation of autophagy is vital for cellular homeostasis and prevention of disease. During nutrient availability, autophagy is inhibited by the MTORC1 signaling pathway. However, selective, basal autophagy occurs continuously...
March 7, 2024: Autophagy
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
José M Delgado, Christopher J Shoemaker
Mitophagy is a cellular process that enables the selective degradation of damaged, dysfunctional, or superfluous mitochondria. During mitophagy, specific proteins recognize and tag mitochondria for degradation. These tagged mitochondria are engulfed by specialized structures called phagophores that then mature into autophagosomes/mitophagosomes. Mitophagosomes subsequently transport their mitochondrial cargo to lysosomes, where the mitochondria are broken down and recycled. While the PINK1-PRKN-dependent mitophagy pathway is well understood, mitophagy can also occur independently of this pathway...
March 6, 2024: Autophagy
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Prakash P Praharaj, Srimanta Patra, Amruta Singh, Debasna P Panigrahi, Hwa Y Lee, Mohammad F Kabir, Muhammad K Hossain, Samir K Patra, Birija S Patro, Shankargouda Patil, Daniel J Klionsky, Han J Chae, Sujit K Bhutia
Mitophagy involves the selective elimination of defective mitochondria during chemotherapeutic stress to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and sustain cancer growth. Here, we showed that CLU (clusterin) is localized to mitochondria to induce mitophagy controlling mitochondrial damage in oral cancer cells. Moreover, overexpression and knockdown of CLU establish its mitophagy-specific role, where CLU acts as an adaptor protein that coordinately interacts with BAX and LC3 recruiting autophagic machinery around damaged mitochondria in response to cisplatin treatment...
March 6, 2024: Autophagy
#32
REVIEW
Hayder M Al-Kuraishy, Ghassan M Sulaiman, Majid S Jabir, Hamdoon A Mohammed, Ali I Al-Gareeb, Salim Albukhaty, Daniel J Klionsky, Mosleh M Abomughaid
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that results from autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) at NMJs. These autoantibodies are mainly originated from autoreactive B cells that bind and destroy nAchRs at NMJs preventing nerve impulses from activating the end-plates of skeletal muscle. Indeed, immune dysregulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MG. Autoreactive B cells are increased in MG due to the defect in the central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms...
March 6, 2024: Autophagy
#33
EDITORIAL
Daniel J Klionsky
This is the answers page so you should not be looking at this page unless you have exhausted the possibility of filling in additional words. Are you certain you are done? Maybe you want to put the puzzle aside for another day and come back to it? No? Okay then, take a look.
March 5, 2024: Autophagy
#34
EDITORIAL
Daniel J Klionsky
It's April, so it is time to lighten up (think April Fools' Day). In this issue of the journal, I have two different sets of puzzles for you. Of course, these are not just for your amusement; there is an educational component as well. For example, the crossword puzzle requires you to think about autophagy and perhaps do some searching for names or terms that you are less familiar with (the Guidelines is always a good source of information in this regard). In addition, the crossword puzzle uses official HGNC nomenclature unless otherwise specified - another learning opportunity...
March 5, 2024: Autophagy
#35
REVIEW
Xin Chen, Andrey S Tsvetkov, Han-Ming Shen, Ciro Isidoro, Nicholas T Ktistakis, Andreas Linkermann, Werner J H Koopman, Hans-Uwe Simon, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Shouqing Luo, Daqian Xu, Wei Gu, Olivier Peulen, Qian Cai, David C Rubinsztein, Jen-Tsan Chi, Donna D Zhang, Changfeng Li, Shinya Toyokuni, Jinbao Liu, Jong-Lyel Roh, Enyong Dai, Gabor Juhasz, Wei Liu, Jianhua Zhang, Minghua Yang, Jiao Liu, Ling-Qiang Zhu, Weiping Zou, Mauro Piacentini, Wen-Xing Ding, Zhenyu Yue, Yangchun Xie, Morten Petersen, David A Gewirtz, Michael A Mandell, Charleen T Chu, Debasish Sinha, Eftekhar Eftekharpour, Boris Zhivotovsky, Sébastien Besteiro, Dmitry I Gabrilovich, Do-Hyung Kim, Valerian E Kagan, Hülya Bayir, Guang-Chao Chen, Scott Ayton, Jan D Lünemann, Masaaki Komatsu, Stefan Krautwald, Ben Loos, Eric H Baehrecke, Jiayi Wang, Jon D Lane, Junichi Sadoshima, Wan Seok Yang, Minghui Gao, Christian Münz, Michael Thumm, Martin Kampmann, Di Yu, Marta M Lipinski, Jace W Jones, Xuejun Jiang, Herbert J Zeh, Rui Kang, Daniel J Klionsky, Guido Kroemer, Daolin Tang
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a complex degradation process with a dual role in cell death that is influenced by the cell types that are involved and the stressors they are exposed to. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent oxidative form of cell death characterized by unrestricted lipid peroxidation in the context of heterogeneous and plastic mechanisms. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of specific types of autophagy (e.g. ferritinophagy, lipophagy, and clockophagy) in initiating or executing ferroptotic cell death through the selective degradation of anti-injury proteins or organelles...
March 5, 2024: Autophagy
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sergio Díaz-Gago, Javier Vicente-Gutiérrez, Jose Manuel Ruiz-Rodríguez, Josep Calafell, Alicia Álvarez-Álvarez, Marina Lasa, Antonio Chiloeches, Pablo Baquero
BRAFV600E is the most prevalent mutation in thyroid cancer and correlates with poor prognosis and therapy resistance. Although selective inhibitors of BRAFV600E have been developed, more advanced tumors such as anaplastic thyroid carcinomas show a poor response in clinical trials. Therefore, the study of alternative survival mechanisms is needed. Since metabolic changes have been related to malignant progression, in this work we explore metabolic dependencies of thyroid tumor cells to exploit them therapeutically...
March 4, 2024: Autophagy
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yaran Wu, Yang Chen, Xiaojing Yan, Xufang Dai, Yaling Liao, Jing Yuan, Liting Wang, Dong Liu, Dun Niu, Liangbo Sun, Lingxi Chen, Yang Zhang, Li Xiang, An Chen, Shuhui Li, Wei Xiang, Zhenhong Ni, Ming Chen, Fengtian He, Mingzhen Yang, Jiqin Lian
Macroautophagy/autophagy-mediated anoikis resistance is crucial for tumor metastasis. As a key autophagy-related protein, ATG4B has been demonstrated to be a prospective anti-tumor target. However, the existing ATG4B inhibitors are still far from clinical application, especially for tumor metastasis. In this study, we identified a novel circRNA, circSPECC1, that interacted with ATG4B. CircSPECC1 facilitated liquid-liquid phase separation of ATG4B, which boosted the ubiquitination and degradation of ATG4B in gastric cancer (GC) cells...
March 3, 2024: Autophagy
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Na Kang, Jinling Tan, Sisi Yan, Leiying Lin, Qiang Gao
Lipophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a microautophagic process in which lipid droplets (LDs) are directly engulfed into the vacuole, despite the fact that multiple core ATG (autophagy related) genes related to general autophagy have been reported to be essential for this process for unknown reasons. In this study, we report new findings about the regulation of lipophagy by analyzing, under different culture conditions, both the engulfment of LDs into the vacuole and the degradation of LD surface proteins...
February 29, 2024: Autophagy
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Prajakta Kulkarni, Giang Thanh Nguyen-Dien, Keri-Lyn Kozul, Julia K Pagan
Mitophagy is a critical mitochondrial quality control process that selectively removes dysfunctional or excess mitochondria through the autophagy-lysosome system. The process is tightly controlled to ensure cellular and physiological homeostasis. Insufficient mitophagy can result in failure to remove damaged mitochondria and consequent cellular degeneration, but it is equally important to appropriately restrain mitophagy to prevent excessive mitochondrial depletion. Here, we discuss our recent discovery that the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF)-FBXL4 (F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 4) E3 ubiquitin ligase localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane, where it constitutively mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of BNIP3L/NIX and BNIP3 mitophagy receptors to suppress mitophagy...
February 29, 2024: Autophagy
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri, Patricia Boya
Loss of proteostasis and dysregulated mitochondrial function are part of the traditional hallmarks of aging, and in their last revision impaired macroautophagy and chronic inflammation are also included. Mitophagy is at the intersection of all these processes but whether it undergoes age-associated perturbations was not known. In our recent work, we performed a systematic and systemic analysis of mitolysosome levels in mice and found that, despite the already-known decrease in non-selective macroautophagy, mitophagy remains stable or increases upon aging in all tissues analyzed and is mediated by the PINK1-PRKN-dependent pathway...
February 27, 2024: Autophagy
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