Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

Introduction: Widespread transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype four (GIV) occurred across mainland Australia in 2022. This resulted in forty-five human cases, including seven deaths, and the identification of JEV infection in over 80 commercial piggeries. Materials and Methods: We collected mosquitoes which were trapped using CO2 -baited light traps deployed near piggeries reporting disease or in regions linked to human cases in the Wide Bay region in the state of Queensland. Mosquitoes from four traps yielded JEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR...

Background: Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic protozoan infection which is endemic in parts of Europe. Dogs are commonly affected by Leishmania infantum and are regarded as the main reservoir for humans' infection. Sporadic human cases are reported annually, mainly from the endemic south part of Bulgaria. However, no recent data on canine leishmaniasis geographical distribution in Bulgaria have been published. The aim of this study was to investigate the current seroprevalence rate of L. infantum in stray dogs from areas where this infection was not previously reported...

Objective: In this study we evaluated the utility of Abortus Melitensis Ovis Suis Brucella PCR (AMOS PCR) for the molecular characterization of Brucella species and analyzed the associated risk factors for brucellosis in Central Indian and Meghalayan population. Methods: AMOS PCR was carried out in a total of 160 BSCP-31 PCR-positive DNA samples isolated previously from the blood of Central Indian ( n  = 90) and Meghalayan cohorts ( n  = 70). Clinical and associated risk factors recorded earlier were used to establish strain-specific disease outcomes in study cohorts...

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Background: Brucellosis is the most important public health problem worldwide, and the annual incidence of the disease in humans is 2.1 million. The Brucella genome is highly conserved, with over 90% similarity among species. The aim of this study was to perform species-level identification of Brucella spp. strains isolated from humans diagnosed with brucellosis and to further investigate the phylogenetic relationships using multiple locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA)-16 and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis...

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonosis disease that can affect humans and a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Susceptibility to brucellosis in humans can be related to various factors, such as nutritional and occupational factors. This study evaluated factors related to brucellosis and identified influential risk factors for human infection. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the strength of the association between some potential factors and the risk of brucellosis...

Objectives: Tick-borne encephalitis virus Siberian subtype (TBEV-Sib) and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) are causative agents of natural focal infections in Western Siberia, Russia. The distribution of TBEV phylogenetic lineages and OHFV in the Kemerovo Region of Western Siberia remains poorly investigated. Methods: The phylogenetic analyses of fragment genome sequences 26 flaviviruses identified in 2019 were performed, and the amino acid variation was determined to reveal to which clusteron they belong...

Background: Clonorchiasis remains a serious public health problem. However, the molecular mechanism underlying clonorchiasis remains largely unknown. Amino acid (AA) metabolism plays key roles in protein synthesis and energy sources, and improves immunity in pathological conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the AA profiles of spleen in clonorchiasis and speculate the interaction between the host and parasite. Methods: Here targeted ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry was applied to discover the AA profiles in spleen of rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis ...

Introduction: The Epizootiological Investigation Form (EIF) is a document issued for every notified human brucellosis case, with the aim to convey information from public health to veterinary authorities for farm animals epidemiologically linked with the patient. We assessed the integration of EIF to the routine collaboration among stakeholders and the efficiency in directing the veterinary efforts to identify Brucella -infected animals. Methods: EIFs were evaluated for the implementation, timeliness, and completeness of the shared information provided by the public health and the veterinary authorities...

Background: There is a need to identify different insecticide resistance profiles that represent circumscription-encapsulation of knowledge about malaria vectors' insecticide resistance to increase our understanding of malaria vectors' insecticide resistance dynamics. Methods: Data used in this study are part of the aggregation of over 20,000 mosquito collections done between 1957 and 2018. We applied two data preprocessing steps. We developed three clustering machine learning models based on the K-means algorithm with three selected datasets...

Objective: The study explored larval mosquito breeding sites in urban and rural areas from March 2021 to February 2022 in the North-East region of Algeria to provide information on larval biology and ecology of different mosquito species. Methodology: It focused on the effect of the physicochemical characteristics of the breeding sites (pH and water temperature), area, and months on the larval mosquito abundance. Diversity index and equitability were calculated for the registered mosquito species in both areas...

Background: Autochthonous human West Nile virus (WNV) infections were notified in the infectious disease surveillance system in Germany in 2018 for the first time and every year since then. Since clinically apparent infections are infrequent, we conducted two studies to investigate subclinical infections of this emerging disease in Germany in 2019 to detect infections not visible to surveillance based on symptomatic infections: limited-scope blood donor testing and a serosurvey among employees at two Berlin zoos with a history of demonstrated WNV infections in animals...

Background: Ehrlichia canis has been the main hemopathogen affecting domestic dogs in Brazil. Even though tick-infested dogs may lead to household infestation and predispose human exposure and public health concern, no comprehensive study has surveyed humans, dogs, and environmental ticks altogether. Materials and Methods: Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess tick-infested households, identify tick species, perform serological (immunofluorescence assay) and molecular (PCR and q-PCR) detection of Ehrlichia in ticks, in the eighth biggest metropolitan area of Brazil...

Introduction: Brucellosis, which is among the endemic regions of Turkey, is a common zoonotic disease. The gold standard in diagnosing brucellosis is culture. We aimed to compare demographic characteristics, risk factors, and clinical and laboratory variables between cases with culture positivity and undetected in culture. Materials and Methods: This single-center study was conducted between January 2007 and April 2022. Clinical and laboratory data of patients with brucella growth in blood culture and patients without growth were compared...

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic tick-borne disease, caused by an arbovirus of the genus Orthonairovirus and the family Nairoviridae. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is widespread in several regions of the world. While the virus is not pathogenic to all susceptible livestock and wild mammals, it can lead to severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. In this review, we compiled published data on CCHFV infections in humans, animals, and ticks in Tunisia. Based on that, we discussed the epidemiology and the distribution patterns of CCHFV infections highlighting the risk factors for this virus in the country...

Introduction: Lyme disease (LD) affects ∼476,000 people each year in the United States. Symptoms are variable and include rash and flu-like symptoms. Reasons for the wide variation in disease outcomes are unknown. Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that causes disease ranging from asymptomatic infection to encephalitis, neurologic damage, and death. POWV and LD geographic case distributions overlap, with Ixodes species ticks as the common vectors. Clinical ramifications of coinfection or sequential infection are unknown...

Background: Chlamydia is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is pathogenic for humans and a large variety of veterinary animal species. However, there is no continuous monitoring of chlamydia infection data in pigs in Hunan province, southern China. Therefore, in order to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify risk factors associated with Chlamydia infection in pigs within this region, a comprehensive study was conducted. Methods: A total of 3848 serum samples were collected from pigs (from farmers and companies) between May 2017 and August 2018...

Purpose: Flea-borne rickettsioses, collectively referred to as a term for etiological agents Rickettsia felis , Rickettsia typhi , and RFLOs ( R. felis -like organisms), has become a public health concern around the world, specifically in the United States. Due to a shared arthropod vector (the cat flea) and clinical signs, discriminating between Rickettsia species has proven difficult. While the effects of microbial coinfections in the vector can result in antagonistic or synergistic interrelationships, subsequently altering potential human exposure and disease, the impact of bacterial interactions within flea populations remains poorly defined...

Background: Trypanosoma (T.) evansi infection is endemic in dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedaries ) of southern Algeria. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the presence of T. evansi in other domestic animals living together with dromedary camels, a study was conducted in the wilayate of Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla and Tamanrasset, between 2015 and 2017. Authorisation to conduct the survey was obtained from the Direction des Services Vétérinaires (DSV, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries)...

Objectives: Lyme borreliosis incidence is increasing in several areas; moreover, it has recently gained the public's attention. Apart from erythema migrans, Lyme disease diagnosis relies (among others) on serology test; however, the prevalence of positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot (WB) assay has been poorly studied in the general population. We aimed to approach the seroprevalence of infection by Borrelia species responsible for Lyme disease in the French Isere department using city laboratories data...