Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

AIM: To assess the association between plasma amyloid β (Aβ) 42/40, phosphorylated tau (p-τ)181, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or neurofilament light chain (NfL) and the risk of dementia and to determine whether these plasma biomarkers could improve the ability to predict incident dementia in a general older population. METHODS: A total of 1346 Japanese community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years without dementia were followed prospectively for 5...

AIM: Although many studies have explored the link between inflammatory markers and psychosis, there is a paucity of research investigating the temporal progression in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) who eventually develop full psychosis. To address this gap, we investigated the correlation between serum cytokine levels and Timeframe for Conversion to Psychosis (TCP) in individuals with CHR. METHODS: We enrolled 53 individuals with CHR who completed a 5-year follow-up with a confirmed conversion to psychosis...

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Low-intensity focused transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging noninvasive technique capable of stimulating both the cerebral cortex and deep brain structures with high spatial precision. This method is recognized for its potential to comprehensively perturb various brain regions, enabling the modulation of neural circuits, in a manner not achievable through conventional magnetic or electrical brain stimulation techniques. The underlying mechanisms of neuromodulation are based on a phenomenon where mechanical waves of ultrasound kinetically interact with neurons, specifically affecting neuronal membranes and mechanosensitive channels...

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AIM: Patients with cancer experience various forms of psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, which can impact quality of life, elevate morbidity risk, and increase medical costs. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are effective for reducing depressive symptoms among patients with cancer, but most patients prefer psychotherapy. This study aimed to develop an efficient and effective smartphone psychotherapy component to address depressive symptom. METHODS: This was a decentralized, parallel-group, multicenter, open, individually randomized, fully factorial trial...

AIM: The effective connectivity between the striatum and cerebral cortex has not been fully investigated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our objective was to explore the interaction effects between diagnosis and age on disrupted corticostriatal effective connectivity and to represent the modulation function of altered connectivity pathways in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS: We performed Granger causality analysis on 300 participants from a publicly available Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-200 dataset...

AIM: The gut microbiota can influence human behavior. However, due to the massive multiple-testing problem, research into the relationship between microbiome ecosystems and the human brain faces drawbacks. This problem arises when attempting to correlate thousands of gut bacteria with thousands of brain voxels. METHODS: We performed brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans on 133 participants and applied machine-learning algorithms (Ridge regressions) combined with permutation tests...

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AIM: While conservatism bias refers to the human need for more evidence for decision-making than rational thinking expects, the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias refers to the need for less evidence among individuals with schizophrenia/delusion compared to healthy people. Although the hippocampus-midbrain-striatal aberrant salience system and the salience, default mode (DMN), and frontoparietal networks ("triple networks") are implicated in delusion/schizophrenia pathophysiology, the associations between conservatism/JTC and these systems/networks are unclear...

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AIM: Large language models (LLMs) have been suggested to play a role in medical education and medical practice. However, the potential of their application in the psychiatric domain has not been well-studied. METHOD: In the first step, we compared the performance of ChatGPT GPT-4, Bard, and Llama-2 in the 2022 Taiwan Psychiatric Licensing Examination conducted in traditional Mandarin. In the second step, we compared the scores of these three LLMs with those of 24 experienced psychiatrists in 10 advanced clinical scenario questions designed for psychiatric differential diagnosis...

AIM: Pain is reconstructed by brain activities and its subjectivity comes from an interplay of multiple factors. The current study aims to understand the contribution of genetic factors to the neural processing of pain. Focusing on the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1) A118 G (rs1799971) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val158 met (rs4680), we investigated how the two pain genes affect pain processing. METHOD: We integrated a genetic approach with functional neuroimaging...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

AIMS: This study aimed to illuminate the neuropathological landscape of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by a multiscale macro-micro-molecular perspective from in vivo neuroimaging data. METHODS: The "ADHD-200 initiative" repository provided multi-site high-quality resting-state functional connectivity (rsfc-) neuroimaging for ADHD children and matched typically developing (TD) cohort. Diffusion mapping embedding model to derive the functional connectome gradient detecting biologically plausible neural pattern was built, and the multivariate partial least square method to uncover the enrichment of neurotransmitomic, cellular and chromosomal gradient-transcriptional signatures of AHBA enrichment and meta-analytic decoding...

AIM: Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Although somatic mutations that occur in the brain after fertilization may play an important role in the cause of SZ, their frequencies and patterns in the brains of patients and related animal models have not been well studied. This study aimed to find somatic mutations related to the pathophysiology of SZ. METHODS: We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei isolated from the postmortem prefrontal cortex of patients with SZ (n = 10) and controls (n = 10)...

AIM: The current study aimed to infer neurophysiological mechanisms of auditory processing in children with Rett syndrome (RTT)-rare neurodevelopmental disorders caused by MECP2 mutations. We examined two brain responses elicited by 40-Hz click trains: auditory steady-state response (ASSR), which reflects fine temporal analysis of auditory input, and sustained wave (SW), which is associated with integral processing of the auditory signal. METHODS: We recorded electroencephalogram findings in 43 patients with RTT (aged 2...