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Journals Veterinary Clinics of North Am...

Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice

https://read.qxmd.com/read/38281896/toxigenic-endophyte-infected-tall-fescue-and-ergot-alkaloids
#1
REVIEW
Tim J Evans, Megan C Romano
"Fescue toxicosis" and reproductive ergotism present identical toxidromes in late-gestational mares and, likely, other equids. Both toxic syndromes are caused by ergopeptine alkaloids (EPAs) of fungal origin, and they are collectively referred to as equine ergopeptine alkaloid toxicosis (EEPAT). EPAs are produced by either a toxigenic endophyte (Epichloë coenophiala) in tall fescue and/or a nonendophytic fungus (Claviceps purpurea), infecting small grains and grasses. EEPAT can cause hypoprolactinemia-induced agalactia/dysgalactia, prolonged gestation, dystocia, and other reproductive abnormalities in mares, as well as failure of passive transfer in their frequently dysmature/overmature/postmature foals...
January 27, 2024: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38218672/-%C3%A2-and-toxic
#2
EDITORIAL
Megan C Romano
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
January 12, 2024: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38184454/range-and-pasture-plants-likely-to-poison-horses
#3
REVIEW
Bryan L Stegelmeier, T Zane Davis
Range and pasture toxic plants can poison horses. Many of these plants are noxious weeds that can dominate plant populations and replace healthy forages. Poisoning is often difficult to diagnose as the resulting plant-induced disease is similar to other infectious, toxic, and nutritional diseases. Identifying potentially problem plants, and observing what plants horses are eating, is essential in determining the risk of poisoning. If the risk is significant, it can drive management to invest in strategies to avoid exposure, animal disease, and suffering...
January 5, 2024: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38151405/investigative-and-diagnostic-toxicology-and-feed-related-outbreaks
#4
REVIEW
Stephen B Hooser
Incidences of feed contamination are rare even though enormous amounts of animal feed are manufactured. However, there are still some cases of feed-related illness in horses. Veterinarians play a crucial role in recognizing and mitigating these events and in assessing the severity of risks. Due to these risks, proper reporting and consultation with government and state agencies are crucial. Accurate diagnosis and identification of the source of poisoning are promising when a thorough case workup is performed and agencies such as veterinary diagnostic laboratories and the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine are used effectively...
December 26, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38151404/plants-causing-toxic-myopathies
#5
REVIEW
Beatrice Sponseller, Tim Evans
Boxelder and sycamore maple contain hypoglycin A (HGA), the toxic metabolite of which, MCPA-CoA, inhibits fatty acid β-oxidation, causing seasonal pasture myopathy (SPM) or atypical myopathy (AM), respectively. White snakeroot and rayless goldenrod contain multiple benzofuran ketones (BFKs). The identity/toxicity of BFKs appear variable, possibly involving interactions between toxins/toxic metabolites, but ultimately inhibit cellular energy metabolism. Unthrifty horses grazing sparse pastures during the fall appear predisposed to these plant-associated, frequently fatal, toxic myopathies...
December 26, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38061965/equine-mycotoxins
#6
REVIEW
Steve Ensley, Michelle Mostrom
The main mycotoxins involved in adverse equine health issues are aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and probably ergovaline (fescue grass endophyte toxicosis). Most exposures are through contaminated grains and grain byproducts, although grasses and hays can contain mycotoxins. Clinical signs are often nonspecific and include feed refusal, colic, diarrhea, and liver damage but can be dramatic with neurologic signs associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and tremorgens. Specific antidotes for mycotoxicosis are rare, and treatment involves stopping the use of contaminated feed, switching to a "clean" feed source, and providing supportive care...
December 7, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38061967/toxic-garden-and-landscaping-plants
#7
REVIEW
Megan C Romano
Many popular ornamental shrubs are not only beautiful but also toxic when ingested in sufficient quantities. Common toxic landscaping shrubs in North America include yew (Taxus spp), oleander (Nerium oleander), and rhododendrons and azaleas (Rhododendron spp). Horses are often exposed when plant trimmings are placed within reach or discarded in pastures. Occasionally clippings or fallen leaves contaminate hay. Some plants are unpalatable unless dried and mixed with hay or lawn clippings but others are ingested more readily...
December 6, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38061966/plants-that-contaminate-feed-and-forage-and-poison-horses-equine-ttxicology
#8
REVIEW
Bryan L Stegelmeier, T Zane Davis
Many toxic plants are unpalatable to horses and are not eaten when alternative forage is available. However, when such plants contaminate prepared or baled feed and forage, herd competition and improved palatability can alter acceptance and thereby cause equine plant poisonings. Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants; cocklebur; Salvia reflexa; kleingrass, switchgrass, and other saponin-containing grasses; jimson weed, black henbane, and other tropane alkaloid-containing plants; lantana; Cassia spp and other myotoxic plants; castor bean; cyanogenic glycoside-containing plants; thiaminase-containing plants; and hoary alyssum are among those that most commonly poison horses in North America via contaminated feed or forage...
December 6, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38000985/blue-green-algae
#9
REVIEW
Scott Fritz, Savannah Charnas, Steve Ensley
Blue green algae cyanotoxins have become increasingly more prevalent due to environmental, industrial, and agricultural changes that promote their growth into harmful algal blooms. Animals are usually exposed via water used for drinking or bathing, though specific cases related to equines are very limited. The toxic dose for horses has not been determined, and currently only experimental data in other animals can be relied upon to aid in case interpretation and treatment. Treatment is mostly limited to supportive care, and preventative control methods to limit exposures are more likely to aid in animal health until more research has been performed...
November 23, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37973527/diagnostic-pathology-of-equine-toxicoses
#10
REVIEW
Lynne Cassone
This article is intended to highlight toxicosis-associated pathology in horses that might be observed by a clinician in the living animal and at gross necropsy. When the clinician is aware of these pathologic changes (particularly when coupled with a suggestive environmental or herd history), then collaboration with a diagnostic laboratory can begin to help identify specific toxicants. Proper sampling and communication with the diagnostic laboratory will vastly improve the likelihood of a specific diagnosis; postmortem sampling and specimen submission are reviewed in the last section of this article...
November 14, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37968203/industrial-and-agricultural-toxicants
#11
REVIEW
Scott Radke, Emily Finley
This article provides an overview of several agricultural and industrial toxicants that are most likely to be encountered by horses. Overviews include brief backgrounds of the agents in question, potential sources of intoxication, mechanisms of action, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic considerations, and treatment options.
November 13, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37951813/therapeutic-medications-and-illicit-medications-and-supplements
#12
REVIEW
Lynn Rolland Hovda
This article provides information on the toxicity of some therapeutic drugs, illicit drugs, and supplements. Medications in the therapeutic section are grouped into antibiotics, antipsychotic agents, bronchodilators, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and sedatives/tranquilizers. The section on illicit drugs and supplements provides information on more specific medications including commonly used or abused human medications and a few that are available only from Internet compounding pharmacies. Many drugs and supplements can be either therapeutic or illicit depending on the dosage and ultimate use of the horse...
November 9, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37923643/pyrogallol-toxicosis-in-horses
#13
REVIEW
Karyn Bischoff
Plants in the maple genus, Acer, and pistachio genus, Pistacia, have been reported to cause acute hemolysis in horses. The cause of hemolysis seems to be metabolism of gallic acids to the potent oxidant pyrogallol by enteric bacteria of the horse. Diagnosis is often tentative and circumstantial. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive and can include detoxification, fluid and electrolyte therapy, supplemental oxygen, and pain control. Corticosteroid and antioxidant therapies do not improve prognosis. Prognosis is guarded to poor but horses that survive 6 days postexposure are expected to recover...
November 1, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37716858/cantharidin
#14
REVIEW
Karyn Bischoff
Cantharidin is the toxic component of blister beetles of the genus Epicauta. Cantharidin is a potent vesicant which causes blisters, erosions, and ulcerations in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, and can cause myocardial necrosis. Blister beetles are found over most of North America and specifically contaminate alfalfa at harvest. History of alfalfa feeding, with colic, dysuria, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia are suggestive of blister beetle toxicosis. Myocardial damage causes increased serum cardiac troponin 1...
September 15, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37716857/snake-envenomation
#15
REVIEW
Lyndi L Gilliam
Snakebite envenomation (SBE) in horses can have devastating outcomes. Tissue damage, cardiotoxicity, coagulopathy, and neurotoxicity can be concerns with SBE. Understanding the actions of venom components is important in developing a successful treatment plan. Antivenom is the mainstay of treatment. Long-term deleterious effects can occur including cardiac dysfunction and lameness.
September 14, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37696707/ionophores
#16
REVIEW
Scott A Fritz, Jeffery O Hall
Ionophores are a class of polyether antibiotics that are commonly used as anticoccidial agents and growth promotants in ruminant diets. Ionophores transport ions across lipid membranes and down concentration gradients, which results in mitochondrial destruction, reduced cellular energy production, and ultimately cell death. Cardiomyocytes are the primary target in equine patients when exposed to toxic concentrations and the clinical disease syndrome is related to myocardial damage. Animals can survive acute exposures but can have permanent heart damage that may result in acute death at future time points...
September 9, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37625917/use-of-stem-cells-for-the-treatment-of-musculoskeletal-injuries-in-horses
#17
REVIEW
Ashlee E Watts
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used as a regenerative therapy in horses for musculoskeletal injury since the late 1990s and in some regions are standard of care for certain injuries. Yet, there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved MSC therapeutic in the United States for horses. In humans, lack of regulatory approval in the United States has been caused by failure of late-phase clinical trials to demonstrate consistent efficacy, perhaps because of nonuniformity of MSC preparation and application techniques...
August 23, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37625916/equine-autologous-conditioned-serum-and-autologous-protein-solution
#18
REVIEW
Kyla F Ortved
Orthobiologics are used with increasing frequency in equine musculoskeletal disease to improve the quality of the repair tissue and prevent reinjury. Autologous blood-based products, or hemoderivatives, are made by processing the patient's blood using different systems to produce a final therapeutic product. Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) and autologous protein solution (APS) are commonly used to treat joint disorders and can also be used treat tendon and ligament injuries. Hemoderivatives contain increased concentrations of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, and growth factors that help direct tissue healing and repair...
August 23, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37607855/use-of-biologics-and-stem-cells-in-the-treatment-of-other-inflammatory-diseases-in-the-horse
#19
REVIEW
Jennifer G Barrett, Elizabeth S MacDonald
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are powerful immunomodulatory cells that act via multiple mechanisms to coordinate, inhibit, and control the cells of the immune system. MSCs act as rescuers for various damaged or degenerated cells of the body via (1) cytokines, growth factors, and signaling molecules; (2) extracellular vesicle (exosome) signaling; and (3) direct donation of mitochondria. Several studies evaluating the efficacy of MSCs have used MSCs grown using xenogeneic media, which may reduce or eliminate efficacy...
August 20, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37599179/dedications
#20
EDITORIAL
(no author information available yet)
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
August 18, 2023: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
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