Journal of the Association of Physicians of India

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Sickle cell disease patients are prone to infection and overwhelming sepsis because an immunedeficient state arises from asplenia (autosplenectomy/surgical splenectomy) and functional hyposplenism. The common pathogen encountered in sepsis with asplenic/hyposplenism patients is encapsulated organism, gram-negative bacilli, but in developing countries like India, there are many possibilities of infection by an uncommon organism that make it difficult to diagnose. Here, we have described a case of sickle cell disease presented with persistent fever and later, found to have an atrophic spleen with involvement of respiratory system and osteoarticular system...

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INTRODUCTION: The burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is raising dramatically both internationally and in India. It is often observed that multiple therapies or combinations of different drugs are usually required to successfully control hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM. To facilitate effective control of glucose levels, many new agents have been developed over the past few years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple Advisory Board Meetings were conducted with 87 leading key opinion leaders (KOLs) from diabetes specialty PAN India to understand the simplicity aspect of linagliptin therapy in T2DM patients...

In India, organophosphates are the most widely used pesticides for suicide by poisoning. Early recognition of the diagnosis and its severity will help in achieving a better outcome. In poisoning by organophosphorus compounds, serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase are currently widely accepted as biochemical markers for estimating the severity. A wide array of alternate, cheap, and easily available markers are explored in this review and using a combination of these markers may be better in terms of early identification of severe poisoning...

René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec in his book "Treatise of the Diseases of the Chest" discussed the emphysema in 1821. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been around for at least 202 years, from 1821 to 2023 (but the disease itself is much older than that). It is believed that William Briscoe first used the term COPD in June 1965, at the 9th Aspen Emphysema Conference. COPD was first defined by the CIBA guest symposium in 1959 and the American Thoracic Society Committee on Diagnostic Standards in 1962; recent definition of COPD was released by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report 2023...

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. It is known to often coexist with other chronic diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension. Upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and impedance-pH monitoring are a few invasive diagnostic options that are reserved for selected GERD patients. Symptom assessment by using questionnaires, such as the frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG), is simple, convenient, noninvasive, and inexpensive...

BACKGROUND: In the last 3 decades, omeprazole has proved its mettle in managing acid peptic diseases (APDs). It has established itself as the first line of therapy for duodenal and gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers due to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this literature review is to assess the effectiveness of omeprazole as compared to the other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) currently in use and its safety and efficacy in special populations, including the pediatric and geriatric populations...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease. The importance of early intensive glucose lowering in preventing vascular complications in diabetes is well established. Sulfonylureas (SU) is recommended by most guidelines and widely used for the management of T2DM. However, there has been ambiguity around the long-term benefits with regard to microvascular and macrovascular outcomes with SUs. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) provided evidence of sustained cardiovascular (CV) and microvascular benefits of previous intensive glycemic control with SUs or insulin in T2DM patients...

OBJECTIVE: Insulin therapy is mostly advised in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, wide variation exists in insulin practice and usage across the Indian geography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a retrospective audit of the medical records of T2DM patients who were receiving insulin and attending an urban referral clinic in Northeast India during the period from 2006 to 2017 was conducted to analyze the insulin utilization pattern and injection technique variation...

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis, an underlying abnormality, plays a significant role in the progression of ischemic stroke. Inflammation, oxidative stress, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and lipid abnormalities are the primary factors involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Monocytes, key contributors to chronic inflammation, actively participate in the development, progression, and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques within blood vessels. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (MHR) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its correlation with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) to predict the severity of the condition...

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) has been characterized as a smoker's disease, which has resulted in the usual exclusion of never-smokers from COPD studies. It is now recognized that never-smokers account for nearly one-fourth of all COPD cases, and thus airflow limitation in never-smokers needs further evaluation. Our study aims to elucidate the clinical and physiological aspects of COPD in nonsmokers and to compare smokers and nonsmokers with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 naïve sequential patients with COPD were recruited...

INTRODUCTION: India is looking to achieve hepatitis elimination status by 2030 through vaccination, diagnostic tests, medicines, and education campaigns. Awareness generation is essential to orient people regarding hepatitis B and C. The present study was done to assess the knowledge regarding hepatitis among students and staff of academic institutions and raise awareness through a series of webinars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 academic institutes from across the country between February and March 2022...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive inherited disease affecting the coagulation pathway due to congenital deficiencies in either factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). The clinical assessment of a patient's functional ability and the state of joint conditions is carried out by the clinicians by administering questionnaires namely the Gilbert or the World Federation of Hemophilia Physical Examination (WFH-PE) score for joint condition and Functional Independence Score in Hemophilia (FISH) for joint function...

INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) has been reported in India. Due to the strong association of HCV infection with death and cardiovascular disease, it is important to treat the infection. However, treatment poses a challenge since only a few directly acting antivirals recommended in the guidelines for HCV treatment in the dialysis population are available in India. Pangenotypic sofosbuvir has concerns about its safety due to its renal elimination...

INTRODUCTION: Swallowing dysfunction is common after acute stroke. It increases the risk of aspiration pneumonia and affects nutrition. In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of dysphagia after a single episode of acute stroke in conscious patients and the factors predisposing the patient to dysphagia. We also assessed the course of dysphagia over a period of 8 weeks after stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a prospective observational study. We included patients of acute stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic, lacunar, anterior, as well as posterior circulation) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of ≥12; within 48 hours of onset...