Zentralblatt Für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Erste Abteilung Originale. Reihe B: Hygiene, Präventive Medizin

This paper is concerned with the measurement of first order rate constants for the death of bacteria by chlorine and ozone. While the first order conditions for chlorine were achieved with the aid of a new instrument which works basing on the polarographic principle this was attained for ozone under steady state conditions. Besides differences of species some different properties for both oxidants were found as far as their bactericidal efficiency is concerned. They are discussed in this paper.

Effluents from different sewage treatment plants were disinfected, using hydrogen peroxide in concentrations varying between 500 and 50,000 ppm. With a concentration of 5,500 ppm H2O2 and a contact time of 2 h more than 99% of bacteria were killed, including enterobacteria, total and fecal coliforms (Fig. 1 A, B, C and D) and fecal streptococci (Fig. 2 B). Staphylococci and micrococci were less sensitive and contact times of 2 h were not sufficient to kill 99% of this group (Fig. 2 A). Highly resistant were bacterial endospores (Fig...

As bacteriological examination of water often needs a longer time, it was tried to use chemical indicators for detecting sewage pollution of water. Such a chemical indicator is coprosterol, a sterin derivative, which is discharged from human and animal enteric systems. For epidemic evaluations, E. coli, normally not present in pure water, is a good fecal bacterial indicator. Wether there does exist a certain parallelity of the amount of coprosterol and the presence of E. coli, water from bankfiltration systems and coastal seawater were examined...

In suspension tests it could be found, that tyrothricin, isolated from bacteria, possesses an anti-infectious activity against Sendai virus. Concentrations of 10(2) to 10(3) ID50-units of Sendai virus were incubated with 0.5 and/or 1.0 mg tyrothricin per 5 ml for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C (pH 7.5). These mixtures were tested in embryonated eggs and showed a marked decrease of viral infectivity. Tween 80 added after the incubation period leads to an incomplete reactivation of the virus infectivity. According to these results and further preliminary studies on herpes simplex virus we suppose a virustatic effect of tyrothricin also in the case of other lipophilic viruses...

1. When cells of E. coli and Staph. aureus are dried, the efficacy of phenol is reduced but the efficacy of formaldehyde is increased. 2. A change of the aw-value by addition of salts changes the efficacy of formaldehyde as well as that of phenol. For these tests the chlorides of various alkali and alkaline earth metals were used in different concentrations. 3. The optimal efficacy of phenol and formaldehyde within the tested concentration gradientis caused by different concentrations of the ions: In low concentrations the efficacy of formaldehyde is optimally increased, the efficacy of phenol, however, attains a minimum at this concentration range...

1405 neonates and infants were vaccinated with BCG Vaccine (strain 1331 Copenhagen) at five clinics in the Federal Republic of Germany. Doses in logarithmic increments from 22000 to 250000 VU (viable units)/0.1 ml were given by strictly intradermal injection. Carrying out the post-vaccinal tuberculin test by the MENDEL-MANTOUX technique, the dose-effect relationship could be demonstrated (Fig. 3). Conversion rates raised from 43% to 76% (Tab. 1); they are furthermore depending from the tuberculin dose and the assessment of the skin reaction...

Water specimens taken from the public water supply (A), a swimming-pool (B), and an inland lake (C) were infected with pathogenic amebae of the genus Naegleria (strain TY/Richmond). The specimens were stored at various temperatures for different periods. The water was then filtered and examined for naegleriae by animal inoculation. The results summarized in table 1 indicate that pathogenic naegleriae are viable at least for some weeks in warm tap and natural waters. Water from indoor swimming-pools however, may be a less suitable medium for the viability of pathogenic naegleriae...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Newly developed vaccines in veterinary medicine can be classified into two categories. The first category comprises inactivated vaccines produced by "classical" methods such as inactivation of the virus by formalin and the use of A1(OH)3 as adjuvant. Besides, this category also includes live vaccines from attenuated virus. Thus, all of these vaccines represent no genuinely new developments and owe their origin to the fact that the importance of several virus diseases of animals has grown in the last years, making neccessary the rapid production of corresponding vaccines...

New aspects on the mechanism of action of known environmental carcinogens are described. These compounds are not active as such, but are bioactivated in the mammalian metabolism via chemically reactive intermediates to electrophilic reactants, forming with information-bearing biopolymeres covalent bonds. This change in the genetic code is in agreement with the mutation hypothesis of carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin B1, N-nitroso compounds and benzo(a)pyrene are taken as examples. "Threshold levels", e.g. no-effect-levels derived from animal experiments with all their inherent limitations, are compared with data from human exposure to benzo(a)pyren, aflatoxine, N-nitroso compounds and vinyl chloride...

A summary is given on ecological and hygienic problems of coastal waters, beginning with an outline of the different standpoints in ecology and hygiene. Because of close interrelationships between these fields, the hygienist is introduced to the ecological problems of the Baltic Sea. Hygienic questions have drawn attention because of the so-called Baltic Sea disease (Red tides?--Indication of virus contamination by bacterial indicators of faeces?). On the basis of the results of a two-year authoritative study of the German Baltic Sea coast, a discussion is presented on 1) the relationship between the coli titer and the frequency of salmonella detection, 2) the necessity of routine tests for salmonella, 3) aims of bacteriological cleanliness, 4) the importance of chemical parameters for evaluation, 5) necessary measures for prevention of pollution of the water and beaches of the Baltic Sea...

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Epidemiological studies have implicated three factors in the overall increase of lung cancer--tobacco, especially cigarette smoking, urban pollution and, to a lesser extent, certain industrial respiratory environments. Some data were discussed on carcinogenic industrial inhalants, and on the possible effect of urban pollution. The reduction of pollution and that of specific environmental agents is stressed. Laboratory studies on the identification of carcinogens in cigarette smoke and their reduction toward the "less harmful cigarette" represent a part of this aspect...

We have isolated from Bordetella pertussis an oligopeptide with characteristic amino acid composition. This peptide was applied to mice in standardized tests for pertussis immunization. In three tests with three independent isolates of peptide, a significant and dose dependent protection was observed. One microgram of peptide per mouse produces the same protective effect as 0.1 IU of pertussis vaccine. It is important to note that similar peptides can be isolated from other bacteria and other DNA containing cellular organisms which have specific amino acid compositions and which are antigens specific for the organism from which they were isolated...

A report is given of the infection, described under the clinical picture of enteritis, of a one-year old Turkish child with Salmonella arizonae 61:k:1,5,7 (Arizona 26:29-30) which is largely adapted to sheep. It appears that, outside of the USA reports have not been published on infections with this species of Salmonella. Considering that reports on human infections with Salmonellae of the subgenus III (Arizona bacteria) have rarely been published, it was decided to deal with these Salmonellae in general, especially with their reservoirs, the clinical pathological pictures and the problems associated with the bacteriological diagnosis which is made on the basis of the ready splitting of lactose of numerous species of the Arizona group...

For 4,000 men aged from 35 to 50 years, all employed in an industrial plant in Poznan a record was made of the daily number of the first sick-notes issued as a result of accidents, acute inflammation of the respiratory tract and exacerbation of chronic diseases which accounted for a total of 82 per cent of the absence from work. On the days which showed an increased incidence of accidents and exacerbations of chronic diseases, the weather charts issued by the Institute of Meteorology indicated a statistically significant and more frequent prevalence of meteorotropically active weather conditions over Poland...

190 Lactobacilli strains originating from saucisson produced in France, were isolated. The use of numerical taxonomy enabled 6 representative taxa to be established, defined by average biochemical profiles, differing greatly from those of Lactobacilli from dairy origins. Two groups of tests seem to be of particular interest in order to characterize these strains: 1. Fermentaion of ribose: positive, Arginine dihydrolase: positive, Gas production: negative. 2. Fermentation of melibiose: positive, Fermentation of raffinose: negative...