Folia Morphologica (Warsz)

The popliteal fossa presents an extensive diamond-shaped topographical element on the posterior aspect of the knee. With the use of classical anatomical dissection, digital image analysis of NIS Elements AR 3.0 and statistics we morphometrically analyzed the size of the popliteal fossa in human fetuses aged 17-29 weeks of gestation. Morphometric parameters of the popliteal fossa increased logarithmically with fetal age: y = -44.421 + 24.301 × ln (Age) for length of superomedial boundary, y = -41.379 + 22...

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the damage to the brain caused by external blow or jolt to the head or body. TBI secondarily induces cell damage in the hippocampus. This study aimed to investigate effects of resveratrol treatment histological examination and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) expression in hippocampus after TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four rats were assigned to three groups: sham, TBI and TBI+Resveratol. TBI was conducted by dropping a 50-g weight from a 1-meter height from a tube to the head of animals...

BACKGROUND: The superior mesenteric artery is one of the most important arteries in the abdominal cavity, which is of great clinical importance, especially in surgical procedures and fatal ischemic complications. The aim of this study was to develop a clinical classification of the superior mesenteric artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Postmortem contrast-enhanced computed tomography of 104 (29.8% female, age 50.7±18.7) human bodies were analyzed. Based on anatomic predisposition to ischemic and iatrogenic complications, a three-tiered clinical classification of the superior mesenteric artery was developed...

BACKGROUND: The teaching of anatomy is a key component in the training of physicians, and the foundation of this teaching is the human body, which must be properly prepared to be used as a teaching aid. Due to a lack of modern literature on this topic, we decided to write a technical note discussing access to the carotid artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We pre-qualified 43 donor bodies for the study. The bodies had to meet standards such as no signs of post-mortem decomposition, preservation of body integrity, and the absence of known infections...

BACKGROUND: The arterial supply of the large colon is provided by the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). A particularly important area, especially in the field of colorectal surgery is the splenic flexure of the colon. There is a noticeable misunderstanding in the correct nomenclature of the major arterial anastomoses between SMA and IMA - Drummond's Marginal Artery (DMA), Arc of Riolan (AOR), and Moskovitz Artery (MA). The aim of this study is to organize the nomenclature and propose a new simplified one to facilitate communication between physicians of various specialties...

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this study was to analyze middle ear structures critical for cochlear implantation using computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent cochlear implantation at the Department of Otolaryngology in Szczecin between 2015 and 2022 were eligible for the study. We analyzed computed tomography images of 57 ears in 52 patients. The following parameters were assessed: mastoid aeration, tegmen tympani height, sigmoid sinus position, posterior tympanotomy width, the distance between the facial nerve and chorda tympani, modified facial recess distance, and the prediction line described by other authors...

The axillary arch muscle, also called Langer's muscle, axillopectoralis, or pectodorsalis is a muscular variation of the latissimus dorsi muscle. During a standard anatomical dissection, the axillary arch muscle was found bilaterally. On both sides it originated from the latissimus dorsi as a muscle belly. Next it was passing into wide tendinous structure attached to the tendon of the pectoralis major muscle. Then, the narrow tendinous slip inserted into the coracoid process was found. The axillary arch muscle was innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve on both sides...

Recently, the classical anatomy of the quadriceps femoris has been questioned after the publication of various morphological variations that differ from the classical description. Therefore, it is necessary to collect information to reach an agreement on its structure. For this, a systematic review was carried out using the Web of Science, Pubmed and ProQuest scientific databases, obtaining a total of 29 papers finally included in the systematic review after being subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria...

BACKGROUND: Neurons of the enteric nervous system are characterised by high neuronal plasticity, with their number likely to change in response to various endogenous and exogenous substances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen sexually immature gilts divided into 3 groups were used: control - animals receiving empty gelatin capsules; G1 - animals receiving a low dose of glyphosate - 0.05 mg/kg bw/day; G2 - animals receiving a higher dose of glyphosate-0.5 mg/kg/day in gelatin capsules orally for 28 days...

BACKGROUND: The goal of the present meta-analysis was to offer physicians the most evidence-based data concerning the anatomical characteristics of the prostatic artery (PA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library were searched trough. The overall search process was performed in 3 stages. RESULTS: The results were established based on a total of 7421 arteries...

Siirt-colored Mohair goat is one of the breeds that contributed significantly to the existence of Mohair goats reared in Turkey. Morphological and morphometric characteristics of the Siirt-colored Mohair goat remained vague owing to a lack of studies. Recent advances in high-tech imaging have replaced conventional two-dimensional anatomical structures with three-dimensional (3D) models. In our study, morphometric features were determined by 3D modeling from computed tomography images obtained from the skull and mandibular bones of Siirt-colored Mohair goats...

BACKGROUND: Although muscles and their tendons are not considered the most morphologically variable structures, they still manifest a substantial diversity of variants. The aim of this study is to increase awareness of some of the many possible variants found during ultrasound imaging of one lower limb compartment, the leg, that could potentially mislead clinicians and lead to misdiagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed was used for a comprehensive literature search for morphological variations...

BACKGROUND: Portal vein (PV) duplication is a rare developmental anomaly but has an important role in the diagnosis and management of disease for radiologists and surgeons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A new variant of PV duplication with vein fenestration leading to choledochal stenosis and dilatation and thrombus was identified by computed tomography angiography (CTA) on a 59-year-old woman with a history of gallstones. RESULTS: A second PV originated from the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), split into two branches that encircling the common bile duct to form a vein fenestration, leading to choledochal stenosis and dilatation, with thrombus formation at the confluence...

Variations in the pattern of urogenital vessels can arise as a single occurrence or as a combination, which may increase the risk of unexpected injury during surgical procedures. Multiple variations in the renal and testicular vessels, in a novel combination, were observed during dissection of an 87-year-old Japanese male cadaver. In the present case, the patient had two renal arteries on each side. On the right side, the superior and inferior renal arteries emerged from the abdominal aorta at the L1 and L4 vertebrae levels, respectively...

BACKGROUND: The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is present on the maxilla under the infraorbital margin. Its identification is essential in various surgical procedures. The main aim of this study was the morphometric assessment of the position of the right and left infraorbital foramina in relation to specific structural elements of the facial skeleton, their width and direction, and also the determination of the location of these foramina above maxillary teeth in examined male skulls (belonging to European populations) dated to the beginning of the 20th century and the medieval and post-medieval period...

This report describes the unique case of a completely patent Double Aortic Arch (DAA) combined with Kommerell Diverticulum (KD), absence of celiac trunk and congenital asplenia. The anatomical variants described were identified and assessed in a 51-year old female from a computed-tomography angiography (CTA) images with 3D-volume rendered reconstructions during her follow-up after hysterectomy. The reconstructed CTA images showed a DAA with the left common carotid artery stemming from the hypoplastic left aortic arch while the left subclavian artery originated from a KD in the descending thoracic aorta...

BACKGROUND: The cephalic vein is often used in for arteriovenous fistula creation; however, the cephalic vein variation is common. This study will propose new theoretical explanations for a new discovered variation of cephalic vein draining into external jugular vein with "T-junction" shape by means of 3D computational hemodynamic modeling, which may provide reference for clinical practice. METHODS: The precise measurements were conducted for the variant right cephalic vein draining into external jugular vein and for a normal right cephalic vein as a control...

BACKGROUND: The transverse facial artery (TFA) provides blood supply to various structures of the lateral face, including the parotid gland, parotid duct, masseter muscle, and facial skin. Knowledge about its anatomy is of utmost importance in various plastic and reconstructive procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of 55 (110 hemifaces) consecutive patients who underwent head and neck computed tomography angiography (CTA) in the Department of Radiology of the Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland, were evaluated in July 2022...

BACKGROUND: This paper aims to comparatively observe similarities of squamous-columnar junction (SCJ) at the opening of Von Ebner's glandular ducts at the vallate papillae in dogs, mice, rats and humans, lay a foundation for the selection of the model in future study of the carcinogenesis in SCJ at vallate papillae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The localization of the vallate papillae in three laboratory animals and humans was comparatively observed. The differences of SCJ at vallate papillae were comparatively observed by Alcian blue, immunohistochemistry and HE staining...

BACKGROUND: The main goal of the present meta-analysis was to provide physicians, especially surgeons, with crucial data on the complete anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). It is hoped that our results may help reduce the rates of complications in procedures associated with this anatomical entity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Major online medical databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library were searched to gather all studies on IAN anatomy, including topography, morphology, and variations...