journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37788489/the-mineralocorticoid-receptor-in-the-vasculature-friend-or-foe
#21
REVIEW
Jaime Ibarrola, Iris Z Jaffe
Originally described as the renal aldosterone receptor that regulates sodium homeostasis, it is now clear that mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are widely expressed, including in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Ample data demonstrate that endothelial and smooth muscle cell MRs contribute to cardiovascular disease in response to risk factors (aging, obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis) by inducing vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Extrapolating from its role in disease, evidence supports beneficial roles of vascular MRs in the context of hypotension by promoting inflammation, wound healing, and vasoconstriction to enhance survival from bleeding or sepsis...
October 3, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36763973/polycystin-channel-complexes
#22
REVIEW
Orhi Esarte Palomero, Megan Larmore, Paul G DeCaen
Polycystin subunits can form hetero- and homotetrameric ion channels in the membranes of various compartments of the cell. Homotetrameric polycystin channels are voltage- and calcium-modulated, whereas heterotetrameric versions are proposed to be ligand- or autoproteolytically regulated. Their importance is underscored by variants associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and by vital roles in fertilization and embryonic development. The diversity in polycystin assembly and subcellular distribution allows for a multitude of sensory functions by this class of channels...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36763972/pericytes-and-the-control-of-blood-flow-in-brain-and-heart
#23
REVIEW
Thomas A Longden, Guiling Zhao, Ashwini Hariharan, W Jonathan Lederer
Pericytes, attached to the surface of capillaries, play an important role in regulating local blood flow. Using optogenetic tools and genetically encoded reporters in conjunction with confocal and multiphoton imaging techniques, the 3D structure, anatomical organization, and physiology of pericytes have recently been the subject of detailed examination. This work has revealed novel functions of pericytes and morphological features such as tunneling nanotubes in brain and tunneling microtubes in heart. Here, we discuss the state of our current understanding of the roles of pericytes in blood flow control in brain and heart, where functions may differ due to the distinct spatiotemporal metabolic requirements of these tissues...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36763971/molecular-physiology-of-trpv-channels-controversies-and-future-challenges
#24
REVIEW
Tamara Rosenbaum, León D Islas
The ability to detect stimuli from the environment plays a pivotal role in our survival. The molecules that allow the detection of such signals include ion channels, which are proteins expressed in different cells and organs. Among these ion channels, the transient receptor potential (TRP) family responds to the presence of diverse chemicals, temperature, and osmotic changes, among others. This family of ion channels includes the TRPV or vanilloid subfamily whose members serve several physiological functions...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36763970/mechanisms-of-protein-trafficking-and-quality-control-in-the-kidney-and-beyond
#25
REVIEW
Jillian L Shaw, Juan Lorenzo Pablo, Anna Greka
Numerous trafficking and quality control pathways evolved to handle the diversity of proteins made by eukaryotic cells. However, at every step along the biosynthetic pathway, there is the potential for quality control system failure. This review focuses on the mechanisms of disrupted proteostasis. Inspired by diseases caused by misfolded proteins in the kidney (mucin 1 and uromodulin), we outline the general principles of protein biosynthesis, delineate the recognition and degradation pathways targeting misfolded proteins, and discuss the role of cargo receptors in protein trafficking and lipid homeostasis...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36763969/flipping-off-and-on-the-redox-switch-in-the-microcirculation
#26
REVIEW
Máté Katona, Mark T Gladwin, Adam C Straub
Resistance arteries and arterioles evolved as specialized blood vessels serving two important functions: ( a ) regulating peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure and ( b ) matching oxygen and nutrient delivery to metabolic demands of organs. These functions require control of vessel lumen cross-sectional area (vascular tone) via coordinated vascular cell responses governed by precise spatial-temporal communication between intracellular signaling pathways. Herein, we provide a contemporary overview of the significant roles that redox switches play in calcium signaling for orchestrated endothelial, smooth muscle, and red blood cell control of arterial vascular tone...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36400128/proprioception-a-new-era-set-in-motion-by-emerging-genetic-and-bionic-strategies
#27
REVIEW
Paul D Marasco, Joriene C de Nooij
The generation of an internal body model and its continuous update is essential in sensorimotor control. Although known to rely on proprioceptive sensory feedback, the underlying mechanism that transforms this sensory feedback into a dynamic body percept remains poorly understood. However, advances in the development of genetic tools for proprioceptive circuit elements, including the sensory receptors, are beginning to offer new and unprecedented leverage to dissect the central pathways responsible for proprioceptive encoding...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36375468/the-role-of-the-gut-microbiota-in-the-relationship-between-diet-and-human-health
#28
REVIEW
Bryce K Perler, Elliot S Friedman, Gary D Wu
The interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and host health is complex. Diets associated with health have many similarities: high fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols while being low in saturated fats, sodium, and refined carbohydrates. Over the past several decades, dietary patterns have changed significantly in Westernized nations with the increased consumption of calorically dense ultraprocessed foods low in fiber and high in saturated fats, salt, and refined carbohydrates, leading to numerous negative health consequences including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36351366/lung-cell-atlases-in-health-and-disease
#29
REVIEW
Taylor S Adams, Arnaud Marlier, Naftali Kaminski
The human lung cellular portfolio, traditionally characterized by cellular morphology and individual markers, is highly diverse, with over 40 cell types and a complex branching structure highly adapted for agile airflow and gas exchange. While constant during adulthood, lung cellular content changes in response to exposure, injury, and infection. Some changes are temporary, but others are persistent, leading to structural changes and progressive lung disease. The recent advance of single-cell profiling technologies allows an unprecedented level of detail and scale to cellular measurements, leading to the rise of comprehensive cell atlas styles of reporting...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36347219/fatty-acid-transport-and-signaling-mechanisms-and-physiological-implications
#30
REVIEW
Dmitri Samovski, Miriam Jacome-Sosa, Nada A Abumrad
Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) are components of plasma membranes and an efficient fuel source and also serve as metabolic regulators through FA signaling mediated by membrane FA receptors. Impaired tissue FA uptake has been linked to major complications of obesity, including insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Fatty acid interactions with a membrane receptor and the initiation of signaling can modify pathways related to nutrient uptake and processing, cell proliferation or differentiation, and secretion of bioactive factors...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36343603/neural-mechanisms-that-make-perceptual-decisions-flexible
#31
REVIEW
Gouki Okazawa, Roozbeh Kiani
Neural mechanisms of perceptual decision making have been extensively studied in experimental settings that mimic stable environments with repeating stimuli, fixed rules, and payoffs. In contrast, we live in an ever-changing environment and have varying goals and behavioral demands. To accommodate variability, our brain flexibly adjusts decision-making processes depending on context. Here, we review a growing body of research that explores the neural mechanisms underlying this flexibility. We highlight diverse forms of context dependency in decision making implemented through a variety of neural computations...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36332657/molecular-and-cellular-mechanisms-of-salt-taste
#32
REVIEW
Akiyuki Taruno, Michael D Gordon
Salt taste, the taste of sodium chloride (NaCl), is mechanistically one of the most complex and puzzling among basic tastes. Sodium has essential functions in the body but causes harm in excess. Thus, animals use salt taste to ingest the right amount of salt, which fluctuates by physiological needs: typically, attraction to low salt concentrations and rejection of high salt. This concentration-valence relationship is universally observed in terrestrial animals, and research has revealed complex peripheral codes for NaCl involving multiple taste pathways of opposing valence...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36323001/transformation-of-our-understanding-of-breathing-control-by-molecular-tools
#33
REVIEW
Kevin Yackle
The rhythmicity of breath is vital for normal physiology. Even so, breathing is enriched with multifunctionality. External signals constantly change breathing, stopping it when under water or deepening it during exertion. Internal cues utilize breath to express emotions such as sighs of frustration and yawns of boredom. Breathing harmonizes with other actions that use our mouth and throat, including speech, chewing, and swallowing. In addition, our perception of breathing intensity can dictate how we feel, such as during the slow breathing of calming meditation and anxiety-inducing hyperventilation...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36270291/metabolic-recruitment-in-brain-tissue
#34
REVIEW
L F Barros, I Ruminot, T Sotelo-Hitschfeld, R Lerchundi, I Fernández-Moncada
Information processing imposes urgent metabolic demands on neurons, which have negligible energy stores and restricted access to fuel. Here, we discuss metabolic recruitment, the tissue-level phenomenon whereby active neurons harvest resources from their surroundings. The primary event is the neuronal release of K+ that mirrors workload. Astrocytes sense K+ in exquisite fashion thanks to their unique coexpression of NBCe1 and α2β2 Na+ /K+ ATPase, and within seconds switch to Crabtree metabolism, involving GLUT1, aerobic glycolysis, transient suppression of mitochondrial respiration, and lactate export...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36266260/myostatin-a-skeletal-muscle-chalone
#35
REVIEW
Se-Jin Lee
Myostatin (GDF-8) was discovered 25 years ago as a new transforming growth factor-β family member that acts as a master regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Myostatin is made by skeletal myofibers, circulates in the blood, and acts back on myofibers to limit growth. Myostatin appears to have all of the salient properties of a chalone, which is a term proposed over a half century ago to describe hypothetical circulating, tissue-specific growth inhibitors that control tissue size. The elucidation of the molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms underlying myostatin activity suggests that myostatin functions as a negative feedback regulator of muscle mass and raises the question as to whether this type of chalone mechanism is unique to skeletal muscle or whether it also operates in other tissues...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36266259/endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition-in-health-and-disease
#36
REVIEW
Yang Xu, Jason C Kovacic
The endothelium is one of the largest organ systems in the body, and data continue to emerge regarding the importance of endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction in vascular aging and a range of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Over the last two decades and as a process intimately related to EC dysfunction, an increasing number of studies have also implicated endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) as a potentially disease-causal pathobiologic process that is involved in a multitude of differing CVDs. However, EndMT is also involved in physiologic processes (e...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36260807/insulin-clearance-in-health-and-disease
#37
REVIEW
Sonia M Najjar, Sonia Caprio, Amalia Gastaldelli
Insulin action is impaired in type 2 diabetes. The functions of the hormone are an integrated product of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and insulin clearance by receptor-mediated endocytosis and degradation, mostly in liver (hepatocytes) and, to a lower extent, in extrahepatic peripheral tissues. Substantial evidence indicates that genetic or acquired abnormalities of insulin secretion or action predispose to type 2 diabetes. In recent years, along with the discovery of the molecular foundation of receptor-mediated insulin clearance, such as through the membrane glycoprotein CEACAM1, a consensus has begun to emerge that reduction of insulin clearance contributes to the disease process...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36170660/infectious-and-inflammatory-pathways-to-cough
#38
REVIEW
Kubra F Naqvi, Stuart B Mazzone, Michael U Shiloh
Coughing is a dynamic physiological process resulting from input of vagal sensory neurons innervating the airways and perceived airway irritation. Although cough serves to protect and clear the airways, it can also be exploited by respiratory pathogens to facilitate disease transmission. Microbial components or infection-induced inflammatory mediators can directly interact with sensory nerve receptors to induce a cough response. Analysis of cough-generated aerosols and transmission studies have further demonstrated how infectious disease is spread through coughing...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36137277/iron-and-the-pathophysiology-of-diabetes
#39
REVIEW
Alexandria V Harrison, Felipe Ramos Lorenzo, Donald A McClain
High iron is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and affects most of its cardinal features: decreased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis. This is true across the normal range of tissue iron levels and in pathologic iron overload. Because of iron's central role in metabolic processes (e.g., fuel oxidation) and metabolic regulation (e.g., hypoxia sensing), iron levels participate in determining metabolic rates, gluconeogenesis, fuel choice, insulin action, and adipocyte phenotype...
February 10, 2023: Annual Review of Physiology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36270290/multiple-facets-of-cellular-homeostasis-and-regeneration-of-the-mammalian-liver
#40
REVIEW
Stacey S Huppert, Robert E Schwartz
Liver regeneration occurs in response to diverse injuries and is capable of functionally reestablishing the lost parenchyma. This phenomenon has been known since antiquity, encapsulated in the Greek myth where Prometheus was to be punished by Zeus for sharing the gift of fire with humanity by having an eagle eat his liver daily, only to have the liver regrow back, thus ensuring eternal suffering and punishment. Today, this process is actively leveraged clinically during living donor liver transplantation whereby up to a two-thirds hepatectomy (resection or removal of part of the liver) on a donor is used for transplant to a recipient...
October 21, 2022: Annual Review of Physiology
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