Advances in Pediatrics

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Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves and cause of acute flaccid paralysis in children around the world. The most common type of GBS in North America targets myelin and leads to demyelinating neuropathy. Often there is a history of infection in the weeks preceding motor symptoms. GBS has been associated with different infections, including COVID. Children usually recover motor function, but autonomic instability and respiratory compromise can occur necessitating close observation and potentially intensive care unit admission...

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare condition that impairs function at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, seen less commonly in children. Causes include autoimmune MG, congenital myasthenic syndromes, and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis. Symptoms of weakness, hypotonia, and fatigability can be reasonably explained by more common causes, thus children with MG disorders commonly experience delays in treatment with severe consequences. This leads to the progression of disease and serious complications including myasthenic crises and exacerbations...

Medical child abuse (MCA), formerly called Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP or MSBP), occurs when a caregiver, usually the mother, falsifies or exaggerates symptoms resulting in harm to a child through inappropriate medical care. MCA is underrecognized, underreported, and results in significant morbidity and mortality. Pediatrics subspecialists should consider MCA when unusual disease presentation [THAT] do not respond to traditional treatments. This article reviews the more common diagnoses encountered in MCA cases by specialty...

This article provides a review of burns in childhood with a focus on the characteristics that help differentiate abusive from accidental burns. Case presentations are used to highlight important differences in the way that abusive versus accidental burns present to medical care.

Children and adolescents may present with transgender or gender diverse (TGD) identity during the course of development. Pediatricians may be the first health care providers to whom TGD identity is revealed. Pediatricians can optimize health care outcomes by promoting a gender-affirming clinical environment, initiating the evaluation for gender incongruence, supporting social transition, and initiating medical interventions. Clinical practice guidelines are available from the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH, Standards of Care, version 8, 2022) and the Endocrine Society (2017)...

Sudden cardiac death is defined as an abrupt, unexpected death of cardiovascular cause with loss of consciousness within 1 hour of onset of symptoms. In an effort to prevent these events, clinicians need to recognize symptoms to identify at risk patients. There is often an overlap in symptoms of chest pain, palpitations, and syncope. The workup depends on the characteristics of these symptoms. The history and physical examination often provide adequate information, but additional testing and referral to pediatric cardiology are sometimes indicated...

The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and implementation of stay-at-home orders led to changes in the daily lives of children. Subsequently, there have been reports of increases in pediatric violent traumatic injuries. This review summarizes the existing literature regarding pediatric violent injury temporally related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including demographic, injury, and hospital characteristics in addition to associated factors. Key findings include an increase in fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries, particularly in minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a lifetime prevalence of up to 20% which can occur at any age but is most common among children. There is a significant burden of pediatric AD in the primary care setting; thus, the ability to recognize and manage AD is of utmost importance to pediatricians. Treatment of AD requires a multifaceted approach based on a patient's severity including behavioral modifications, topical and systemic pharmacologic therapies, and phototherapy.

Acute leukemia is the most common malignancy in childhood, while chronic myeloid leukemia is rare, accounting for only 2% to 3% of all leukemia in childhood and 9% in adolescents, with an annual incidence of 1 and 2.2 cases per million in the two groups. The goal in Pediatrics is remission and cure with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monitoring closely for long-term effects of TKI use.

Lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) is a rare birth defect with a prevalence between 1 in 5,000 and 1 in 25,000 pregnancies. LUTO is one of the most common causes of congenital abnormalities of the renal tract. Several genetic conditions have been associated with LUTO. Most common causes of LUTO are posterior urethral valves and urethral atresia. Despite available prenatal and postnatal treatments, LUTO is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns causing significant end stage renal disease and pulmonary hypoplasia...

Thyroid surgery in children results from three main etiologies: Medullary thyroid cancer in MEN syndromes, benign disease most often Graves' disease, and thyroid nodules which may harbor differentiated thyroid cancers. I will discuss the evaluation of these etiologies, pre-operative preparation, and operative strategies for each of these pediatric thyroid problems.

The management of pediatric appendicitis continues to advance with the development of evidence-based treatment algorithms and a recent shift toward patient-centered treatment approaches. Further research should focus on development of standardized institution-specific diagnostic algorithms to minimize rates of missed diagnosis and appendiceal perforation and refinement of evidence-based clinical treatment pathways that reduce complication rates and minimize health care resource utilization.

This report describes the Pediatrics in Disasters (PEDS) course during a novel hybrid in-person and virtual format due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. International and local faculty collaborated on 2021 precourse revisions and course facilitation for multinational in-person and virtual students. Student and facilitator 2021 surveys and 2019 to 2021 student feedback reported overall satisfaction with the course while suggesting needed improvements to maximize international and virtual student participation...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represents a different entity from its adult counterpart and therefore requires a different therapeutic approach. Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is the primary treatment of pediatric OSA, and evidence shows it is very effective. However, there is a growing understanding that residual OSA is common, and next steps for patients who fail primary AT are less certain. This article reviews current methods of evaluating and treating these complex patients.

Rhinosinusitis in children, as in adults, can be classified by duration (acute, recurrent, and chronic) and by cause (viral, bacterial, and inflammatory) and needs to be treated accordingly after careful investigation which include through clinical history, laboratory tests, and, if necessary, nasal endoscopy and imaging studies.

This review covers the broad topic of brain surgery in the treatment of pediatric intractable epilepsy. The authors review the latest advancements in the presurgical workup as well as the mandatory tests needed to explore the epilepsy workup in these children. They describe the different types of epilepsy from a surgical standpoint (temporal, extratemporal, multifocal, and hemispheric epilepsies) and various surgical procedures that can be proposed depending on the clinical scenario: lesionectomies, lobectomies, hemispherectomies, neuromodulation, and palliative surgeries...

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented event with devastating effects on children and families, highlighting and broadening disparities in the care of children with developmental disabilities, while simultaneously catalyzing innovation. Children are vulnerable to the impacts of COVID-19, resulting in increased stress, anxiety, isolation, and health challenges, further amplified in autistic children and children with other neurodevelopmental disabilities. These children are uniquely vulnerable due to communication impairments, comorbid medical disorders, reduced adaptability, and reliance on therapeutic interventions...

This article provides an overview of postoperative opioid prescribing, use, and disposal patterns in children and also identifies gaps in knowledge and areas for improvement. We present evidence that there is a need to tailor prescriptions to specific procedures to reduce the number of excess, unused prescription opioid pills in the home. We also explain the need to provide culturally competent care when managing a child's pain after surgery. Finally, we discuss the need for widespread provider and caregiver education about safe prescription opioid use, storage, and disposal...