journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36038194/antibody-mediated-immunity-to-sars-cov-2-spike
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
John M Errico, Lucas J Adams, Daved H Fremont
Despite effective spike-based vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues more than two and a half years post-onset. Relentless investigation has outlined a causative dynamic between host-derived antibodies and reciprocal viral subversion. Integration of this paradigm into the architecture of next generation antiviral strategies, predicated on a foundational understanding of the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, will be critical for success. This review aims to serve as a primer on the immunity endowed by antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through a structural perspective...
2022: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35469596/becoming-aware-of-%C3%AE-%C3%AE-t-cells
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Willi K Born, Rebecca L O'Brien
The discovery that B cells and αβ T cells exist was predictable: These cells gave themselves away through their products and biological effects. In contrast, there was no reason to anticipate the existence of γδ T cells. Even the accidental discovery of a novel TCR-like gene (later named γ) that did not encode TCR α or β proteins did not immediately change this. TCR-like γ had no obvious function, and its early expression in the thymus encouraged speculation about a possible role in αβ T cell development...
2022: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35469595/the-role-of-properdin-and-factor-h-in-disease
#23
REVIEW
Claudio Cortes, Caroline Desler, Amanda Mazzoli, Jin Y Chen, Viviana P Ferreira
The complement system consists of three pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) that play a fundamental role in immunity and homeostasis. The multifunctional role of the complement system includes direct lysis of pathogens, tagging pathogens for phagocytosis, promotion of inflammatory responses to control infection, regulation of adaptive cellular immune responses, and removal of apoptotic/dead cells and immune complexes from circulation. A tight regulation of the complement system is essential to avoid unwanted complement-mediated damage to the host...
2022: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34844710/neuropsychiatric-disorders-an-immunological-perspective
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ernest Aw, Yingying Zhang, Esra Yalcin, Uli S Herrmann, Michael C Carroll
Neuropsychiatric diseases have traditionally been studied from brain, and mind-centric perspectives. However, mounting epidemiological and clinical evidence shows a strong correlation of neuropsychiatric manifestations with immune system activation, suggesting a likely mechanistic interaction between the immune and nervous systems in mediating neuropsychiatric disease. Indeed, immune mediators such as cytokines, antibodies, and complement proteins have been shown to affect various cellular members of the central nervous system in multitudinous ways, such as by modulating neuronal firing rates, inducing cellular apoptosis, or triggering synaptic pruning...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34844709/complement-as-a-powerful-influencer-in-the-brain-during-development-adulthood-and-neurological-disorders
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tiffany J Petrisko, Angela Gomez-Arboledas, Andrea J Tenner
The complement system was long considered as only a powerful effector arm of the immune system that, while critically protective, could lead to inflammation and cell death if overactivated, even in the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the past decade it has been recognized as playing critical roles in key physiological processes in the CNS, including neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling in the developing and adult brain. Inherent in these processes are the interactions with cells in the brain, and the cascade of interactions and functional consequences that ensue...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34844708/renal-diseases-and-the-role-of-complement-linking-complement-to-immune-effector-pathways-and-therapeutics
#26
REVIEW
Tilo Freiwald, Behdad Afzali
The complement system is an ancient and phylogenetically conserved key danger sensing system that is critical for host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system is a vital component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of pathogens. It is also a central orchestrator of adaptive immune responses and a constituent of normal tissue homeostasis. Once complement activation occurs, this system deposits indiscriminately on any cell surface in the vicinity and has the potential to cause unwanted and excessive tissue injury...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34656289/antibody-dependent-enhancement-unavoidable-problems-in-vaccine-development
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Lele Xu, Zhiqian Ma, Yang Li, Zhaoxia Pang, Shuqi Xiao
In some cases, antibodies can enhance virus entry and replication in cells. This phenomenon is called antibody-dependent infection enhancement (ADE). ADE not only promotes the virus to be recognized by the target cell and enters the target cell, but also affects the signal transmission in the target cell. Early formalin-inactivated virus vaccines such as aluminum adjuvants (RSV and measles) have been shown to induce ADE. Although there is no direct evidence that there is ADE in COVID-19, this potential risk is a huge challenge for prevention and vaccine development...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34656288/immunology-of-sars-cov-2-infections-and-vaccines
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dominik Schenten, Deepta Bhattacharya
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections trigger viral RNA sensors such as TLR7 and RIG-I, thereby leading to production of type I interferon (IFN) and other inflammatory mediators. Expression of viral proteins in the context of this inflammation leads to stereotypical antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses that clear the virus. Immunity is then maintained through long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and by memory B and T cells that can initiate anamnestic responses...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34656287/the-development-and-physiological-and-pathophysiological-functions-of-resident-macrophages-and-glial-cells
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nelli Blank, Marina Mayer, Elvira Mass
In the past, brain function and the onset and progression of neurological diseases have been studied in a neuron-centric manner. However, in recent years the focus of many neuroscientists has shifted to other cell types that promote neurodevelopment and contribute to the functionality of neuronal networks in health and disease. Particularly microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in actively contributing to and controlling neuronal development, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the development of brain-resident macrophages and astrocytes and their core functions in the developing brain...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34176559/follicular-lymphoma-dynamics
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pierre Milpied, Anita K Gandhi, Guillaume Cartron, Laura Pasqualucci, Karin Tarte, Bertrand Nadel, Sandrine Roulland
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent yet challenging disease. Despite a generally favorable response to immunochemotherapy regimens, a fraction of patients does not respond or relapses early with unfavorable prognosis. For the vast majority of those who initially respond, relapses will repeatedly occur with increasing refractoriness to available treatments. Addressing the clinical challenges in FL warrants deep understanding of the nature of treatment-resistant FL cells seeding relapses, and of the biological basis of early disease progression...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/34176558/the-multi-faceted-roles-of-tgf-%C3%AE-in-regulation-of-immunity-to-infection
#31
REVIEW
Rick M Maizels
Transforming Growth Factor-β is a potent regulator of the immune system, acting at every stage from thymic differentiation, population of the periphery, control of responsiveness, tissue repair and generation of memory. It is therefore a central player in the immune response to infectious pathogens, but its contribution is often clouded by multiple roles acting on different cells in time and space. Hence, context is all-important in understanding when TGF-β is beneficial or detrimental to the outcome of infection...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33993921/panorama-of-stepwise-involvement-of-the-igh-3-regulatory-region-in-murine-b-cells
#32
REVIEW
Charlotte Bruzeau, Jeanne Moreau, Sandrine Le Noir, Eric Pinaud
Among the multiple events leading to immunoglobulin (Ig) expression in B cells, stepwise activation of the Ig heavy chain locus (IgH) is of critical importance. Transcription regulation of the complex IgH locus has always been an interesting viewpoint to unravel the multiple and complex events required for IgH expression. First, regulatory germline transcripts (GLT) assist DNA remodeling events such as VDJ recombination, class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Second, productive spliced transcripts restrict heavy chain protein expression associated either with the surface receptor of developing B cells or secreted in large amounts in plasma cells...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33993920/the-transcription-factors-gfi1-and-gfi1b-as-modulators-of-the-innate-and-acquired-immune-response
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jennifer Fraszczak, Tarik Möröy
GFI1 and GFI1B are small nuclear proteins of 45 and 37kDa, respectively, that have a simple two-domain structure: The first consists of a group of six c-terminal C2 H2 zinc finger motifs that are almost identical in sequence and bind to very similar, specific DNA sites. The second is an N-terminal 20 amino acid SNAG domain that can bind to the pocket of the histone demethylase KDM1A (LSD1) near its active site. When bound to DNA, both proteins act as bridging factors that bring LSD1 and associated proteins into the vicinity of methylated substrates, in particular histone H3 or TP53...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33993919/modeling-a-complex-disease-multiple-sclerosis-update-2020
#34
REVIEW
Tommy Regen, Ari Waisman
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with an unknown etiology. Thereby, MS is not a uniform disease but rather represents a spectrum of disorders, where each aspect needs to be modeled with specific requirements-for a systematic overview see our previous issue of this review (Kurschus, Wortge, & Waisman, 2011). However, there is broad consensus about the critical involvement of the immune system in the disease pathogenesis. To better understand how the immune system contributes to CNS autoimmunity, the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was developed...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33993918/thymoproteasome-optimizes-positive-selection-of-cd8-t-cells-without-contribution-of-negative-selection
#35
REVIEW
Izumi Ohigashi, Yousuke Takahama
Functionally competent and self-tolerant T cell repertoire is shaped through positive and negative selection in the cortical and medullary microenvironments of the thymus. The thymoproteasome specifically expressed in the cortical thymic epithelium is essential for the optimal generation of CD8+ T cells. Although how the thymoproteasome governs the generation of CD8+ T cells is not fully understood, accumulating evidence suggests that the thymoproteasome optimizes CD8+ T cell production through the processing of self-peptides associated with MHC class I molecules expressed by cortical thymic epithelial cells...
2021: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33190734/ige-and-mast-cells-the-endogenous-adjuvant
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yasmeen S El Ansari, Cynthia Kanagaratham, Owen L Lewis, Hans C Oettgen
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors...
2020: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33190733/unexplored-horizons-of-cdc1-in-immunity-and-tolerance
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sreekumar Balan, Kristen J Radford, Nina Bhardwaj
Dendritic cells are a specialized subset of hematopoietic cells essential for mounting immunity against tumors and infectious disease as well as inducing tolerance for maintenance of homeostasis. DCs are equipped with number of immunoregulatory or stimulatory molecules that interact with other leukocytes to modulate their functions. Recent advances in DC biology identified a specific role for the conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) in eliciting cytotoxic CD8+ T cells essential for clearance of tumors and infected cells...
2020: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33190732/preserving-immune-homeostasis-with-a20
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bahram Razani, Barbara A Malynn, Averil Ma
A20/TNFAIP3 is a TNF induced gene that plays a profound role in preserving cellular and organismal homeostasis (Lee, et al., 2000; Opipari etal., 1990). This protein has been linked to multiple human diseases via genetic, epigenetic, and an emerging series of patients with mono-allelic coding mutations. Diverse cellular functions of this pleiotropically expressed protein include immune-suppressive, anti-inflammatory, and cell protective functions. The A20 protein regulates ubiquitin dependent cell signals; however, the biochemical mechanisms by which it performs these functions is surprisingly complex...
2020: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32981636/mechanism-and-regulation-of-class-switch-recombination-by-igh-transcriptional-control-elements
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chloé Oudinet, Fatima-Zohra Braikia, Audrey Dauba, Ahmed Amine Khamlichi
Class switch recombination (CSR) plays an important role in humoral immunity by generating antibodies with different effector functions. CSR to a particular antibody isotype is induced by external stimuli, and occurs between highly repetitive switch (S) sequences. CSR requires transcription across S regions, which generates long non-coding RNAs and secondary structures that promote accessibility of S sequences to activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID initiates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) intermediates that are repaired by general DNA repair pathways...
2020: Advances in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32981635/the-role-of-nk-cell-as-central-communicators-in-cancer-immunity
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tobias Bald, Anna-Marie Pedde, Dillon Corvino, Jan P Böttcher
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells critically involved in the control of cancer. Their important role in cancer immunity reflects the ability of NK cells to recognize malignant cells through an array of germline-encoded receptors expressed on their surface, enabling NK cells to detect and rapidly kill tumor cells through targeted cytotoxicity. In addition to their cytotoxic activity, NK cells fulfill a fundamental and often underappreciated role in the local orchestration of cancer immunity through their ability to communicate with innate and adaptive immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is achieved through the secretion of multiple chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors...
2020: Advances in Immunology
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