journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927018/repetition-priming-and-the-haptic-recognition-of-familiar-and-unfamiliar-objects
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Matt Craddock, Rebecca Lawson
In four experiments, we examined the haptic recognition of 3-D objects. In Experiment 1, blindfolded participants named everyday objects presented haptically in two blocks. There was significant priming of naming, but no cost of an object changing orientation between blocks. However, typical orientations of objects were recognized more quickly than nonstandard orientations. In Experiment 2, participants accurately performed an unannounced test of memory for orientation. The lack of orientation-specific priming in Experiment 1, therefore, was not because participants could not remember the orientation at which they had first felt an object...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927017/looking-at-scenes-while-searching-for-numbers-dividing-attention-multiplies-space
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Helene Intraub, Karen K Daniels, Todd S Horowitz, Jeremy M Wolfe
Observers tend to remember seeing a greater expanse of a scene than was shown (boundary extension [BE]). Is undivided visual attention necessary for BE? In Experiment 1, 108 observers viewed photographs with superimposed numerals (2s and 5s). Each appeared for 750 msec, followed by a masked interval and a test picture (same, closer up, or wider angled). Test pictures were rated as the same, closer, or wider angled on a 5-point scale. Visual attention was manipulated with a search task: The observers reported the number of 5s (zero, one, or two)...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927015/statistical-processing-not-so-implausible-after-all
#23
COMMENT
Sang Chul Chong, Sung Jun Joo, Tatiana-Aloi Emmanouil, Anne Treisman
Myczek and Simons (2008) have shown that findings attributed to a statistical mode of perceptual processing can, instead, be explained by focused attention to samples of just a few items. Some new findings raise questions about this claim. (1) Participants, given conditions that would require different focused attention strategies, did no worse when the conditions were randomly mixed than when they were blocked. (2) Participants were significantly worse at estimating the mean size when given small samples than when given the whole display...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927014/better-than-average-when-can-we-say-that-subsampling-of-items-is-better-than-statistical-summary-representations
#24
COMMENT
Dan Ariely
Myczek and Simons (2008) have described a computational model that subsamples a few items from a set with high accuracy, showing that this approach can do as well as, or better than, a model that captures statistical representations of the set. Although this is an intriguing existence proof, some caution should be taken before we consider their approach as a model for human behavior. In particular, I propose that such simulation-based research should be based on a more expanded range of phenomena and that it should include more accurate representations of errors in judgments...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927013/detection-of-collision-events-on-curved-trajectories-optical-information-from-invariant-rate-of-bearing-change
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rui Ni, George J Andersen
Previous research (Andersen & Kim, 2001) has shown that a linear trajectory collision event (i.e., a collision between a moving object and an observer) is specified by objects that expand and maintain a constant bearing (the object location remains constant in the visual field). In the present study, we examined the optical information for detecting a collision event when the trajectory was of constant curvature. Under these conditions, a collision event is specified by expansion of an object and a constant rate-of-bearing change...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927012/temporal-preparation-facilitates-perceptual-identification-of-letters
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bettina Rolke
Recent evidence has suggested that perceptual processing of single stimulus features improves when participants are temporally prepared for the occurrence of the stimuli. This study was conducted to investigate whether the benefit of temporal preparation generalizes to perceptual identification of more complex stimuli, such as letters. In three experiments, participants discriminated masked letters under high- and low-temporal-preparation conditions. Visual discrimination performance in all experiments improved when the participants were temporally prepared...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927011/take-a-look-at-the-bright-side-effects-of-contrast-polarity-on-gaze-direction-judgments
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bettina Olk, Lawrence A Symons, Alan Kingstone
Observers are inaccurate when judging the gaze direction of eyes shown in negative rather than positive polarity. On the basis of this polarity effect, it has been proposed that gaze is perceived as directed from the dark part of the eye. Our experiment investigated whether direction judgments simply follow this heuristic, as has been suggested. Participants judged the gaze direction of eyes shown at different eccentricities in positive or negative polarity. The error pattern revealed that most errors were incorrect "straight" judgments, suggesting that judgments do not merely follow the heuristic "the dark part does the looking...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927010/orientation-illusions-vary-in-size-and-direction-as-a-function-of-task-dependent-attention
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Roberta Daini, Peter Wenderoth
Adding an upright inner square frame to an outer tilted square frame causes a central rod's perceived orientation to be directionally opposite the usual rod-and-frame illusion (RFI). Zoccolotti, Antonucci, Daini, Martelli, and Spinelli (1997) attributed this double RFI (DRFI) to Rock's (1990) hierarchical organization principle. In Experiment 1, this explanation predicted results for small (11 degrees ) but not larger (22 degrees and 33 degrees ) outer frame orientations. In two experiments with the DRFI, bottom-up, goal-driven attention was varied and direct and indirect measures of the framework's influence were compared...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927009/inverted-u-effects-generalize-to-the-judgment-of-subjective-properties-of-faces
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Alain Mignault, A A J Marley, Avi Chaudhuri
Researchers studying absolute identification have long known that it takes more time to identify a stimulus in the middle of a range than one at the extremes. That is, there is an inverted-U relation between mean response time and response position. In this task, an inverted-U relation also exists between response uncertainty and response position. Similarly, an inverted-U relation between mean response time and response position has been found for psychometric measures involving questions about the self. However, psychophysicists explain these inverted-U effects differently than do self-schema researchers...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927008/evidence-for-criterion-shifts-in-visual-perceptual-learning-data-and-implications
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michael J Wenger, Angelina M Copeland, Jennifer L Bittner, Robin D Thomas
Work on visual perceptual learning for contrast detection has shown that reliable decreases in detection thresholds are accompanied by reliable increases in false alarm rates (Wenger & Rasche, 2006). The present study assesses the robustness and replicability of these changes, demonstrating that they are independent of a variety of task demands (i.e., the specific method used for perceptual practice and threshold estimation) and the presence or absence of trial-by-trial feedback and that the source of the increases can be found in shifts in changes in sensitivity and in bias for detection, identification, or both...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927007/psychophysical-influences-on-the-validity-of-anomaloscopic-assessments-of-color-vision
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jennifer A Stillman
Anomaloscopes are used in clinical and research applications involving the assessment of color vision. Output data include the matching range (MR), the midpoint, and the anomaly quotient (AQ). The latter is commonly used to compare data obtained using different instruments. However, the midpoint and AQ ultimately depend on the MR, for which there is no universal operational definition. In this study, 5 volunteers with normal color vision each completed 510 trials in a rating task with an anomaloscope employing the Moreland equation...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927006/on-building-models-of-spoken-word-recognition-when-there-is-as-much-to-learn-from-natural-oddities-as-artificial-normality
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sven L Mattys, Julie M Liss
Much of what we know about spoken-word recognition comes from studies relying on speech stimuli either carefully produced in the laboratory or computer altered. Although such stimuli have allowed key constructs to be highlighted, the extent to which these constructs are operative in the processing of everyday speech is unclear. We argue that studying the recognition of naturally occurring degraded speech, such as that produced by individuals with neurological disease, can improve the external validity of existing spoken-word recognition models...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927005/on-the-dynamic-information-underlying-visual-anticipation-skill
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Raoul Huys, Nicholas J Smeeton, Nicola J Hodges, Peter J Beek, A Mark Williams
What information underwrites visual anticipation skill in dynamic sport situations? We examined this question on the premise that the optical information used for anticipation resides in the dynamic motion structures, or modes, that are inherent in the observed kinematic patterns. In Experiment 1, we analyzed whole-body movements involved in tennis shots to different directions and distances by means of principal component analysis. The shots differed in the few modes that captured most of the variance, especially as a function of shot direction...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927004/auditory-and-visual-attention-based-apparent-motion-share-functional-parallels
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wendy E Huddleston, James W Lewis, Raymond E Phinney, Edgar A DeYoe
A perception of coherent motion can be obtained in an otherwise ambiguous or illusory visual display by directing one's attention to a feature and tracking it. We demonstrate an analogous auditory effect in two separate sets of experiments. The temporal dynamics associated with the attention-dependent auditory motion closely matched those previously reported for attention-based visual motion. Since attention-based motion mechanisms appear to exist in both modalities, we also tested for multimodal (audiovisual) attention-based motion, using stimuli composed of interleaved visual and auditory cues...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927003/haptic-orientation-perception-benefits-from-visual-experience-evidence-from-early-blind-late-blind-and-sighted-people
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Albert Postma, Sander Zuidhoek, Matthijs L Noordzij, Astrid M L Kappers
Early-blind, late-blind, and blindfolded sighted participants were presented with two haptic allocentric spatial tasks: a parallel-setting task, in an immediate and a 10-sec delay condition, and a task in which the orientation of a single bar was judged verbally. With respect to deviation size, the data suggest that mental visual processing filled a beneficial role in both tasks. In the parallel-setting task, the early blind performed more variably and showed no improvement with delay, whereas the late blind did improve, but less than the sighted did...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927002/the-distribution-of-attention-within-objects-in-multiple-object-scenes-prioritization-by-spatial-probabilities-and-a-center-bias
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cary S Feria
This study investigates how the attentional distribution within objects is affected by spatial probabilities, bias toward objects' centers (Alvarez & Scholl, 2005), and object motion. In a multiple-object tracking task, observers tracked line objects while simultaneously detecting probes appearing on the objects. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the probabilities of probes appearing at the centers and ends of objects. Overall, probe detection was better at centers than at ends, but it was also affected by probe location probabilities; when probe locations were 100% certain, the center advantage was eliminated...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927001/set-recognition-as-a-window-to-perceptual-and-cognitive-processes
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michal Jacob, Shaul Hochstein
The Set visual perception game is a fertile research platform that allows investigation of perception, with gradual processing culminating in a momentary recognition stage, in a context that can be endlessly repeated with novel displays. Performance of the Set game task is a play-off between perceptual and conceptual processes. The task is to detect (among the 12 displayed cards) a 3-card set, defined as containing cards that are either all similar or all different along each of four dimensions with three possible values...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18927000/involuntary-attention-and-brightness-contrast
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
William Prinzmetal, Virginia Long, James Leonhardt
Carrasco, Ling, and Read (2004) reported that involuntary attention increased perceived contrast. We replicated Carrasco et al. and then tested an alternative hypothesis: With stimuli near threshold, a peripheral cue biased observers to believe a stimulus had been presented in the cued location. Consistent with this hypothesis, the effect disappeared when we used higher-contrast stimuli. We further tested the guessing-bias hypothesis in three ways: (1) In a detection experiment, the cue affected bias, but did not increase d'; (2) when the cue followed the stimulus, we obtained the same results as when the cue preceded the stimulus; (3) in one experiment, some trials contained no stimulus, yet observers responded that the cued blank stimulus had higher contrast than the uncued blank stimulus...
October 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18717397/practice-in-visual-search-produces-decreased-capacity-demands-but-increased-distraction
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daryl E Wilson, Colin M MacLeod, Miya Muroi
Lavie (1995) proposed a load account of selective attention, which holds that spare capacity is involuntarily allocated to the processing of irrelevant stimuli. In support of this account, Lavie and Cox (1997) combined a letter search task with a flanker task and found that increasing load (search set size) resulted in decreased interference from an irrelevant distractor letter. In three experiments using a very similar procedure, we varied distractor location and distractor distinctiveness and observed that as load increased (from set size 2 to set size 6), there was a consistent reduction in interference...
August 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/18717396/perceptual-learning-and-the-visual-control-of-braking
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Brett R Fajen
Performance on a visually guided action may improve with practice because observers become perceptually attuned to more reliable optical information. Fajen and Devaney (2006) investigated perceptual attunement, using an emergency braking task in which subjects waited until the last possible moment before slamming on the brakes. The subjects in that study learned to use more reliable optical variables with practice, allowing them to perform the task more successfully across changes in the size of the approached object and the speed of approach...
August 2008: Perception & Psychophysics
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